Table 2.
Summary of diagnostic test results for 148 patients who were positive for an arbovirus
| Mono-infection (n=98) |
Dual infection (n=50) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZIKV (n=41) | CHIKV (n=55) | DENV (n=2) | ZIKV + CHIKV co-infection (n=13) | ZIKV + CHIKV (n=33) | CHIKV + DENV (n=4) | ||
| ZIKV | |||||||
| CSF | |||||||
| PCR alone | 2 (5%) | .. | .. | 4 (31%) | 6 (18%) | .. | |
| IgM alone | 2 (5%) | .. | .. | 0 | 0 | .. | |
| PCR and IgM | 1 (2%) | .. | .. | 0 | 0 | .. | |
| Serum | |||||||
| PCR alone | 4 (10%) | .. | .. | 3 (23%) | 15 (45%) | .. | |
| IgM alone | 19 (46%) | .. | .. | 0 | 6 (18%) | .. | |
| PCR and IgM | 7 (17%) | .. | .. | 3 (23%) | 1 (3%) | .. | |
| CSF and serum | |||||||
| PCR CSF, PCR serum | 0 | .. | .. | 1 (8%) | 0 | .. | |
| PCR CSF, IgM serum | 0 | .. | .. | 0 | 0 | .. | |
| IgM CSF, IgM serum | 3 (7%) | .. | .. | 0 | 1 (3%) | .. | |
| IgM CSF, PCR serum | 0 | .. | .. | 0 | 1 (3%) | .. | |
| PCR CSF, PCR serum, IgM CSF | 1 (2%) | .. | .. | 0 | 1 (3%) | .. | |
| PCR CSF, IgM serum, IgM CSF | 1 (2%) | .. | .. | 1 (8%) | 0 | .. | |
| PCR CSF, PCR serum, IgM serum | 0 | .. | .. | 1 (8%) | 1 (3%) | .. | |
| IgM CSF, PCR serum, IgM serum | 1 (2%) | .. | .. | 0 | 1 (3%) | .. | |
| PCR CSF, PCR serum, IgM CSF, IgM serum | 0 | .. | .. | 0 | 0 | .. | |
| CHIKV | |||||||
| CSF | |||||||
| PCR alone | .. | 0 | .. | 3 (23%) | 0 | 0 | |
| IgM alone | .. | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| PCR and IgM | .. | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Serum | |||||||
| PCR alone | .. | 2 (4%) | .. | 3 (23%) | 0 | 0 | |
| IgM alone | .. | 50 (91%) | .. | 0 | 31 (94%) | 4 (100%) | |
| PCR and IgM | .. | 3 (5%) | .. | 5 (38%) | 0 | 0 | |
| CSF and serum | |||||||
| PCR CSF, PCR serum | .. | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| PCR CSF, IgM serum | .. | 0 | .. | 1 (8%) | 1 (3%) | 0 | |
| IgM CSF, IgM serum | .. | 0 | .. | 0 | 1 (3%) | 0 | |
| IgM CSF, PCR serum | .. | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| PCR CSF, PCR serum, IgM CSF | .. | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| PCR CSF, IgM serum, IgM CSF | .. | 0 | .. | 1 (8%) | 0 | 0 | |
| PCR CSF, PCR serum, IgM serum | .. | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| IgM CSF, PCR serum, IgM serum | .. | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| PCR CSF, PCR serum, IgM CSF, IgM serum | .. | 0 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| DENV | |||||||
| CSF | |||||||
| PCR alone | .. | 0 | 0 | ||||
| IgM alone | .. | .. | 0 | .. | .. | 0 | |
| PCR and IgM | .. | .. | 0 | .. | .. | 0 | |
| Serum | |||||||
| PCR alone | .. | .. | 0 | .. | .. | 0 | |
| IgM alone | .. | .. | 2 (100%) | .. | .. | 4 (100%) | |
| PCR and IgM | .. | .. | 0 | .. | .. | 0 | |
Mono-infection was defined as laboratory test evidence of infection with a single virus; dual infection was defined as evidence of infection with more than one virus on the basis of a positive PCR or IgM test—infection might be concurrent or sequential; co-infection was defined as contemporaneous detection of RNA of more than one virus on PCR testing. CHIKV=chikungunya virus. DENV=dengue virus. ZIKV=Zika virus.