Table 3.

Coffee Consumption and Total Mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort, by Race/Ethnicity, 1993–2012^*

Coffee Consumption	African American (n = 31 514)		Native Hawaiian (n = 13 496)		Japanese American (n = 53 646)		Latino (n = 40 770)		White (n = 46 429)
	Deaths, n	HR (95% CI)	Deaths, n	HR (95% CI)	Deaths, n	HR (95% CI)	Deaths, n	HR (95% CI)	Deaths, n	HR (95% CI)
None	3320	1.00 (reference)	910	1.00 (reference)	2043	1.00 (reference)	1134	1.00 (reference)	2053	1.00 (reference)
1–3 cups/mo	1419	0.95 (0.84–1.07)	338	1.07 (0.75–1.53)	1052	0.94 (0.83–1.05)	644	1.09 (0.92–1.28)	824	1.07 (0.88–1.28)
1–6 cups/wk	2323	0.94 (0.85–1.04)	643	1.22 (0.89–1.66)	1839	0.94 (0.85–1.04)	1715	1.13 (0.99–1.29)	1374	0.93 (0.79–1.08)
1 cup/d	4351	0.86 (0.79–0.93)	1330	0.86 (0.67–1.11)	5678	0.85 (0.79–0.92)	3783	1.07 (0.95–1.20)	4481	0.88 (0.78–0.99)
2–3 cups/d	2070	0.80 (0.72–0.90)	863	0.94 (0.70–1.27)	3227	0.80 (0.73–0.87)	3208	0.99 (0.88–1.12)	4027	0.81 (0.71–0.91)
≥4 cups/d	413	0.97 (0.78–1.20)	229	0.75 (0.48–1.17)	762	0.84 (0.72–0.97)	987	0.88 (0.76–1.03)	1357	0.89 (0.75–1.05)
P for trend	–	0.001	–	0.141	–	<0.001	–	0.002	–	0.003
Increase per cup	–	0.95 (0.92–0.98)	–	0.95 (0.88–1.02)	–	0.94 (0.92–0.97)	–	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	–	0.95 (0.92–0.98)
P for heterogeneity	–	0.166	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

HR = hazard ratio.

^*The following variables were included to control for the effects of smoking: smoking status, average number of cigarettes, squared average number of cigarettes, number of years smoking (time-dependent), and number of years since quitting (time-dependent). The models were also adjusted for age at cohort entry, sex, body mass index, education, physical activity, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, energy from fat, and preexisting illness.