Table 5.
Coffee Consumption and Total Mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort, by Smoking Status at Baseline, 1993–2012
| Coffee Consumption | Never-Smokers (n = 83 720) |
Former Smokers (n = 72 223) |
Current Smokers (n = 29 912) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths, n | HR (95% CI)* | Deaths, n | HR (95% CI)† | Deaths, n | HR (95% CI)† | |
| None | 4484 | 1.00 (reference) | 3656 | 1.00 (reference) | 1320 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1–3 cups/mo | 1920 | 0.95 (0.85–1.05) | 1739 | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 618 | 1.16 (0.92–1.48) |
| 1–6 cups/wk | 3090 | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 3445 | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 1359 | 0.98 (0.81–1.17) |
| 1 cup/d | 6795 | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | 8980 | 0.86 (0.81–0.92) | 3848 | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) |
| 2–3 cups/d | 3794 | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) | 5974 | 0.79 (0.74–0.85) | 3627 | 0.78 (0.67–0.91) |
| ≥4 cups/d | 657 | 0.87 (0.73–1.04) | 1409 | 0.71 (0.64–0.79) | 1682 | 0.79 (0.66–0.94) |
| P for trend | – | <0.001 | – | <0.001 | – | <0.001 |
| Increase per cup | – | 0.95 (0.93–0.98) | – | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | – | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) |
| P for heterogeneity | – | 0.120 | – | – | – | – |
HR = hazard ratio.
*
Adjusted for age at cohort entry, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, education, physical activity, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, energy from fat, and preexisting illness.
†
The following variables were also included to control for the effects of smoking: average number of cigarettes; squared average number of cigarettes; number of years smoking (time-dependent); number of years since quitting (time-dependent); and interactions between ethnicity and average number of cigarettes, squared average number of cigarettes, and number of years smoking.