Appendix Table 1.

Coffee Consumption and Total Mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort, by Sex, 1993–2012

Coffee Consumption	Participants, n	Deaths, n	Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
			Model 1*	Model 2†	Model 3‡
Men (n = 83 811)
None	12 268	4378	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
1–3 cups/mo	5466	2058	1.03 (0.98–1.09)	1.01 (0.96–1.07)	1.02 (0.94–1.10)
1–6 cups/wk	11 626	4324	1.04 (0.99–1.08)	0.97 (0.93–1.01)	1.01 (0.95–1.08)
1 cup/d	25 206	10 243	1.03 (1.00–1.07)	0.92 (0.89–0.95)	0.93 (0.88–0.98)
2–3 cups/d	22 278	7522	1.02 (0.98–1.05)	0.84 (0.81–0.88)	0.86 (0.82–0.92)
≥4 cups/d	6967	2275	1.16 (1.10–1.22)	0.83 (0.79–0.87)	0.84 (0.77–0.91)
P for trend	–	–	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Increase per cup	–	–	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.95 (0.94–0.96)	0.95 (0.94–0.97)
Women (n = 102 044)
None	17 814	5082	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
1–3 cups/mo	7904	2219	0.97 (0.92–1.02)	0.96 (0.91–1.01)	0.99 (0.93–1.06)
1–6 cups/wk	13 011	3570	0.96 (0.92–1.00)	0.92 (0.88–0.96)	0.94 (0.89–1.00)
1 cup/d	32 282	9380	0.92 (0.89–0.95)	0.84 (0.81–0.87)	0.86 (0.82–0.90)
2–3 cups/d	25 004	5873	0.90 (0.86–0.93)	0.77 (0.74–0.80)	0.80 (0.76–0.84)
≥4 cups/d	6029	1473	1.08 (1.02–1.15)	0.78 (0.74–0.83)	0.83 (0.76–0.90)
P for trend	–	–	0.169	<0.001	<0.001
Increase per cup	–	–	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.93 (0.92–0.94)	0.94 (0.93–0.96)
P for heterogeneity	–	–	–	–	0.50

^*Adjusted for age at cohort entry and ethnicity.

^†The following variables were also included to control for the effects of smoking: smoking status; average number of cigarettes; squared average number of cigarettes; number of years smoking (time-dependent); number of years since quitting (time-dependent); and interactions between ethnicity and smoking status, average number of cigarettes, squared average number of cigarettes, and number of years smoking.

^‡Further adjusted for body mass index, education, physical activity, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, energy from fat, and preexisting illness.