Appendix Table 3.

Coffee Consumption and Total Mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort, by Sex, 1993–2012

Coffee Consumption	Participants With Previous Heart Disease or Cancer (n = 32 607)		Never-Smokers Without Previous Heart Disease or Cancer (n = 70 970)
	Deaths, n	HR (95% CI)*†	Deaths, n	HR (95% CI)†
None	2886	1.00 (reference)	3239	1.00 (reference)
1–3 cups/mo	1342	1.07 (0.96–1.19)	1338	0.90 (0.81–1.01)
1–6 cups/wk	2417	1.00 (0.91–1.10)	2240	0.94 (0.85–1.04)
1 cup/d	5783	0.88 (0.82–0.95)	5032	0.87 (0.80–0.94)
2–3 cups/d	3780	0.84 (0.77–0.91)	2848	0.83 (0.75–0.91)
≥4 cups/d	933	0.76 (0.66–0.87)	521	0.87 (0.73–1.05)
P for trend	–	<0.001	–	<0.001
Increase per cup	–	0.93 (0.91–0.95)	–	0.96 (0.93–0.98)

HR = hazard ratio.

^*The following variables were included to control for the effects of smoking: smoking status; average number of cigarettes; squared average number of cigarettes; number of years smoking (time-dependent); number of years since quitting (time-dependent); and interactions between ethnicity and smoking status, average number of cigarettes, squared average number of cigarettes, and number of years smoking.

^†Adjusted for age at cohort entry, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, education, physical activity, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, and energy from fat.