Appendix Table 4.
Coffee Consumption and Total Mortality, in the Multiethnic Cohort, by Age Group and Education Level, 1993–2012*
| Coffee Consumption | <55y (n = 58 812) |
55–70 y (n = 100 314) |
>70y (n = 26 729) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths, n | HR (95% CI)* | Deaths, n | HR (95% CI)* | Deaths, n | HR (95% CI)* | |
| None | 1353 | 1.00 (reference) | 5179 | 1.00 (reference) | 2928 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1–3 cups/mo | 567 | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) | 2375 | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 1335 | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) |
| 1–6 cups/wk | 922 | 0.99 (0.88–1.13) | 4618 | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 2354 | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) |
| 1 cup/d | 1629 | 0.85 (0.77–0.95) | 11 249 | 0.89 (0.85–0.93) | 6745 | 0.90 (0.85–0.97) |
| 2–3 cups/d | 1589 | 0.73 (0.66–0.82) | 8139 | 0.83 (0.79–0.88) | 3667 | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) |
| ≥4 cups/d | 641 | 0.74 (0.64–0.85) | 2344 | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) | 763 | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) |
| P for trend | – | <0.001 | – | <0.001 | – | <0.001 |
| Increase per cup | – | 0.91 (0.89–0.94) | – | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | – | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) |
| P for heterogeneity | – | 0.019 | – | – | – | – |
|
High School or Less (n = 81 248) |
Vocational School/Some College (n = 55 082) |
College Graduate (n = 49 525) |
||||
| None | 4879 | 1.00 (reference) | 2622 | 1.00 (reference) | 1959 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1–3 cups/mo | 2135 | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1255 | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 887 | 0.97 (0.86–1.11) |
| 1–6 cups/wk | 4403 | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 2105 | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 1386 | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) |
| 1 cup/d | 10 900 | 0.90 (0.86–0.94) | 5247 | 0.82 (0.77–0.88) | 3476 | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) |
| 2–3 cups/d | 6941 | 0.82 (0.78–0.87) | 3762 | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) | 2692 | 0.87 (0.78–0.95) |
| ≥4 cups/d | 1921 | 0.82 (0.76–0.88) | 1068 | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) | 759 | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) |
| P for trend | – | <0.001 | – | <0.001 | – | 0.014 |
| Increase per cup | – | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | – | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | – | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) |
| P for heterogeneity | – | 0.055 | – | – | – | – |
HR = hazard ratio.
*
The following variables were included to control for the effects of smoking: smoking status; average number of cigarettes; squared average number of cigarettes; number of years smoking (time-dependent); number of years since quitting (time-dependent); and interactions between ethnicity and average number of cigarettes, squared average number of cigarettes, and number of years smoking. The models were also adjusted for age at cohort entry, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, education, physical activity, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, energy from fat, and preexisting illness.