Table 3. Common conditions associated with OSA and its medical significances.

OSA, Obstructive Sleep Apnea; CKD, Chronic Kidney Diseases; HR, Hazard Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval

Reference	Study Design	Year of publication	Sample size (n)	Finding
Ronaldo D Piovezan et al. [43]	Observational	2017	657	Vitamin D deficiency was seen in 59.5 % of subjects with OSA (moderate OSA with p-value <0.01 and severe OSA with p-value =0.03) and short sleep duration (<6hours, with p-value =0.01). An Independent link was established between these two conditions that were more commonly seen in African Americans ethnicity, female, obese, smokers having a sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, and diabetes.
Yu-Sheng Lin et al. [44]	Observational	2017	6866	OSA patients were at increased risk for developing CKD, median period of 3.2 years; HR was 1.37 (95 % CI, 1.05-1.77; p-value = 0.019). CKD occurred approximately 2.5 months earlier than in the patients without OSA. The correlation was observed after adjusting for hypertension and diabetes. The relation was most robust among women.
Josef Yayan et al. [41]	Observational	2017	382	CKD develops more often in patients with OSA than in non-OSA. Almost 70% of OSA subjects developed CKD, whereas only 36% of non-OSA subjects developed CKD.