Table S1.
Odds ratios from logistic regression models predicting the relationship between types of material hardship and health outcomes, Add Health wave I & IV
| Poor health |
Depression |
Sleep problems |
Suicidal thoughts |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reduced model |
Full model |
Reduced model |
Full model |
Reduced model |
Full model |
Reduced model |
Full model |
|
| OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | |
| Food hardship | 1.41∗∗∗ | 1.27 | 1.47∗∗∗ | 1.12 | 1.32∗∗ | 1.16 | 2.20∗∗∗ | 1.68∗∗ |
| (1.39, 1.44) | (0.97, 1.68) | (1.45, 1.50) | (0.92, 1.35) | (1.30, 1.34) | (0.94, 1.43) | (2.16, 2.25) | (1.26, 2.27) | |
| Bill-paying hardship | 1.27∗∗∗ | 1.15 | 1.30∗∗∗ | 0.99 | 1.30∗∗ | 1.16 | 1.35∗ | 0.99 |
| (1.25, 1.29) | (0.90, 1.46) | (1.29, 1.32) | (0.98, 1.01) | (1.29, 1.33) | (0.96, 1.40) | (1.23, 1.48) | (0.71, 1.37) | |
| Health-resource hardship | 1.71∗∗∗ | 1.62∗∗∗ | 1.52∗∗∗ | 1.15∗∗ | 1.44∗∗∗ | 1.34∗∗∗ | 1.63∗∗∗ | 1.35∗ |
| (1.69, 1.73) | (1.39, 1.73) | (1.50, 1.53) | (1.10, 1.41) | (1.42, 1.46) | (1.14, 1.57) | (1.61, 1.66) | (1.07, 1.70) | |
| Perceived stress | 1.10∗∗∗ | 1.30∗∗∗ | 1.12∗∗∗ | 1.34∗∗∗ | ||||
| (1.08, 1.11) | (1.29, 1.31) | (1.11, 1.12) | (1.33, 1.34) | |||||
| Control variables | ||||||||
| Age at wave IV | 1.04∗∗∗ | 1.04∗∗∗ | 0.98∗∗∗ | 0.98∗∗∗ | 0.98∗∗∗ | 0.98∗∗∗ | 0.94∗∗∗ | 0.94∗∗∗ |
| (1.03, 1.04) | (1.03, 1.04) | (0.98, 0.99) | (0.98, 0.98) | (0.98, 0.99) | (0.98, 0.99) | (0.94, 0.95) | (0.94, 0.95) | |
| Female | 1.15∗∗∗ | 1.11∗∗∗ | 2.21∗∗∗ | 2.07∗∗∗ | 0.91∗∗∗ | 0.87∗∗∗ | 1.16∗∗∗ | 0.99 |
| (1.14, 1.17) | (1.10, 1.12) | (2.19, 2.23) | (2.04, 2.09) | (0.90, 0.92) | (0.86, 0.88) | (1.14, 1.17) | (0.98, 1.01) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Hispanics | 2.04∗∗∗ | 2.11∗∗∗ | 0.48∗∗∗ | 0.49∗∗∗ | 1.14∗∗∗ | 1.17∗∗∗ | 0.61∗∗∗ | 0.65∗∗∗ |
| (2.01, 2.07) | (2.07, 2.14) | (0.47, 0.49) | (0.48, 0.50) | (1.12, 1.15) | (1.15, 1.19) | (0.60, 0.63) | (0.63, 0.67) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.33∗∗∗ | 1.34∗∗∗ | 0.48∗∗∗ | 0.45∗∗∗ | 0.86∗∗∗ | 0.86∗∗∗ | 0.75∗∗∗ | 0.75∗∗∗ |
| (1.31, 1.35) | (1.32, 1.37) | (0.47, 0.48) | (0.45, 0.46) | (0.85, 0.88) | (0.85, 0.88) | (0.74, 0.77) | (0.74, 0.77) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.82∗∗∗ | 1.74∗∗∗ | 0.42∗∗∗ | 0.35∗∗∗ | 0.85∗∗∗ | 0.80∗∗∗ | 0.66∗∗∗ | 0.59∗∗∗ |
| (1.77, 1.87) | (1.70, 1.79) | (0.40, 0.43) | (0.34, 0.36) | (0.82, 0.87) | (0.77, 0.82) | (0.64, 0.69) | (0.57, 0.61) | |
| Non-Hispanic other races | 1.62∗∗∗ | 1.59∗∗∗ | 1.05∗ | 0.93∗∗ | 0.80∗∗∗ | 0.75∗∗∗ | 0.63∗∗∗ | 0.55∗∗∗ |
| (1.54, 1.71) | (1.51, 1.67) | (1.00, 1.09) | (0.89, 0.97) | (0.76, 0.84) | (0.71, 0.79) | (0.59, 0.68) | (0.51, 0.60) | |
| Educational attainment (reference = high school or less) | ||||||||
| Some college | 0.83∗∗∗ | 0.84∗∗∗ | 1.20∗∗∗ | 1.22∗∗∗ | 1.08∗∗∗ | 1.09∗∗∗ | 1.18∗∗∗ | 1.18∗∗∗ |
| (0.82, 0.84) | (0.83, 0.85) | (1.18, 1.21) | (1.21, 1.24) | (1.06, 1.09) | (1.07, 1.10) | (1.15, 1.20) | (1.16, 1.21) | |
| College or more | 0.41∗∗∗ | 0.42∗∗∗ | 1.12∗∗∗ | 1.17∗∗∗ | 0.79∗∗∗ | 0.81∗∗∗ | 0.96∗∗ | 1.00 |
| (0.40, 0.42) | (0.41, 0.43) | (1.10, 1.14) | (1.15, 1.19) | (0.78, 0.80) | (0.79, 0.82) | (0.93, 0.98) | (0.98, 1.03) | |
| Family income (reference = below $24,999) | ||||||||
| $25,000–$39,999 | 0.77∗∗∗ | 0.77∗∗∗ | 0.71∗∗∗ | 0.69∗∗∗ | 0.96∗∗∗ | 0.96∗∗∗ | 1.09∗∗∗ | 1.08∗∗∗ |
| (0.76, 0.79) | (0.75, 0.78) | (0.70, 0.72) | (0.68, 0.70) | (0.94, 0.98) | (0.94, 0.97) | (1.07, 1.11) | (1.06, 1.11) | |
| $40,000–$74,999 | 0.77∗∗∗ | 0.77∗∗∗ | 0.98∗∗ | 0.97∗∗∗ | 1.24∗∗∗ | 1.24∗∗∗ | 1.12∗∗∗ | 1.10∗∗∗ |
| (0.76, 0.79) | (0.75, 0.78) | (0.96, 0.99) | (0.95, 0.99) | (1.21, 1.26) | (1.21, 1.26) | (1.09, 1.15) | (1.07, 1.13) | |
| $75,000 and up | 0.73∗∗∗ | 0.73∗∗∗ | 0.78∗∗∗ | 0.80∗∗∗ | 1.15∗∗∗ | 1.17∗∗∗ | 1.14∗∗∗ | 1.18∗∗∗ |
| (0.71, 0.74) | (0.72, 0.75) | (0.77, 0.80) | (0.79, 0.81) | (1.13, 1.17) | (1.14, 1.19) | (1.11, 1.17) | (1.15, 1.21) | |
| Homeownership (yes = 1) | 0.81∗∗∗ | 0.84∗∗∗ | 0.81∗∗∗ | 0.90∗∗∗ | 0.77∗∗∗ | 0.81∗∗∗ | 0.66∗∗∗ | 0.74∗∗∗ |
| (0.80, 0.82) | (0.83, 0.85) | (0.80, 0.82) | (0.89, 0.91) | (0.76, 0.78) | (0.80, 0.82) | (0.65, 0.67) | (0.73, 0.75) | |
| Foreign-born immigrant (yes = 1) | 0.69∗∗∗ | 0.70∗∗∗ | 0.65∗∗∗ | 0.68∗∗∗ | 0.65∗∗∗ | 0.66∗∗∗ | 1.36∗∗∗ | 1.50∗∗∗ |
| (0.67, 0.71) | (0.68, 0.72) | (0.63,0.67) | (0.66, 0.70) | (0.63, 0.67) | (0.64, 0.68) | (1.31, 1.41) | (1.44, 1.56) | |
| Recent job loss (yes = 1) | 1.05∗∗∗ | 1.02∗∗ | 1.24∗∗∗ | 1.16∗∗∗ | 1.23∗∗∗ | 1.20∗∗∗ | 1.28∗∗∗ | 1.17∗∗∗ |
| (1.04, 1.06) | (1.01, 1.03) | (1.23, 1.25) | (1.14, 1.17) | (1.22, 1.25) | (1.18, 1.21) | (1.26, 1.30) | (1.15, 1.19) | |
| Number of kids | 0.93∗∗∗ | 0.93∗∗∗ | 0.97∗∗∗ | 0.96∗∗∗ | 1.03∗∗∗ | 1.02∗∗∗ | 0.97∗∗∗ | 0.95∗∗∗ |
| (0.93, 0.94) | (0.92, 0.93) | (0.97, 0.98) | (0.95, 0.96) | (1.02, 1.03) | (1.02, 1.03) | (0.96, 0.98) | (0.95, 0.96) | |
| Ever married (yes = 1) | 1.24∗∗∗ | 1.25∗∗∗ | 0.96∗∗∗ | 1.00 | 1.05∗∗∗ | 1.07∗∗∗ | 1.09∗∗∗ | 1.11∗∗∗ |
| (1.23, 1.26) | (1.24, 1.27) | (0.95, 0.97) | (0.99, 1.02) | (1.04, 1.06) | (1.06, 1.08) | (1.07, 1.11) | (1.09, 1.13) | |
| Current smoker (yes = 1) | 1.32∗∗∗ | 1.30∗∗∗ | 1.19∗∗∗ | 1.12∗∗∗ | 1.05∗∗∗ | 1.02∗∗ | 1.18∗∗∗ | 1.08∗∗∗ |
| (1.30, 1.34) | (1.28, 1.31) | (1.17, 1.20) | (1.11, 1.14) | (1.03, 1.06) | (1.01, 1.03) | (1.16, 1.20) | (1.06, 1.10) | |
| Physical inactivity (yes = 1) | 1.26∗∗∗ | 1.22∗∗∗ | 1.38∗∗∗ | 1.30∗∗∗ | 0.91∗∗∗ | 0.88∗∗∗ | 1.28∗∗∗ | 1.11∗∗∗ |
| (1.25, 1.28) | (1.21, 1.24) | (1.37, 1.40) | (1.28, 1.31) | (0.90, 0.93) | (0.86, 0.89) | (1.25, 1.30) | (1.08, 1.13) | |
| Receipt of public assistance (yes = 1) | 1.21∗∗∗ | 1.19∗∗∗ | 1.38∗∗∗ | 1.39∗∗∗ | 1.16∗∗∗ | 1.15∗∗∗ | 1.05∗∗∗ | 1.02∗ |
| (1.19, 1.23) | (1.17, 1.21) | (1.36, 1.39) | (1.38, 1.41) | (1.15, 1.18) | (1.13, 1.17) | (1.03, 1.07) | (1.00, 1.04) | |
| Parental educational attainment (wave I) (reference = less than high school) | ||||||||
| High school | 0.87∗∗∗ | 0.85∗∗∗ | 1.14∗∗∗ | 1.08∗∗∗ | 1.04∗∗∗ | 1.02∗ | 0.82∗∗∗ | 0.77∗∗∗ |
| (0.86, 0.89) | (0.84, 0.87) | (1.12, 1.16) | (1.06, 1.10) | (1.02, 1.06) | (1.00, 1.04) | (0.80, 0.84) | (0.75, 0.79) | |
| Some college | 0.97∗∗ | 0.95∗∗∗ | 1.16∗∗∗ | 1.13∗∗∗ | 1.27∗∗∗ | 1.25∗∗∗ | 1.04∗∗ | 0.99 |
| (0.95, 0.99) | (0.94, 0.97) | (1.14, 1.19) | (1.11, 1.15) | (1.25, 1.29) | (1.23, 1.27) | (1.01, 1.07) | (0.96, 1.02) | |
| College or more | 0.85∗∗∗ | 0.84∗∗∗ | 1.29∗∗∗ | 1.26∗∗∗ | 0.90∗∗∗ | 0.89∗∗∗ | 1.12∗∗∗ | 1.07∗∗∗ |
| (0.83, 0.87) | (0.83, 0.86) | (1.27, 1.32) | (1.24, 1.28) | (0.89, 0.92) | (0.87, 0.91) | (1.09, 1.15) | (1.04, 1.10) | |
| Family structure (wave I) (reference = two-parent household) | ||||||||
| One-parent household | 0.96∗∗∗ | 0.96∗∗∗ | 1.20∗∗∗ | 1.18∗∗∗ | 1.13∗∗∗ | 1.12∗∗∗ | 1.08∗∗∗ | 1.05∗∗∗ |
| (0.95, 0.98) | (0.95, 0.97) | (1.19, 1.22) | (1.17, 1.20) | (1.11, 1.14) | (1.11, 1.14) | (1.06, 1.10) | (1.03, 1.07) | |
| Other types of households | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.19∗∗∗ | 1.18∗∗∗ | 0.87∗∗∗ | 0.87∗∗∗ | 1.23∗∗∗ | 1.21∗∗∗ |
| (1.00, 1.03) | (1.00, 1.03) | (1.18, 1.21) | (1.16, 1.19) | (0.86, 0.88) | (0.86, 0.88) | (1.20, 1.25) | (1.19, 1.23) | |
| Depressive symptom score (wave I) | 1.01∗∗∗ | 1.01∗∗∗ | 1.05∗∗∗ | 1.03∗∗∗ | 1.03∗∗∗ | 1.02∗∗∗ | 1.04∗∗∗ | 1.02∗∗∗ |
| (1.01, 1.01) | (1.01, 1.01) | (1.05, 1.05) | (1.03, 1.03) | (1.03, 1.03) | (1.02, 1.02) | (1.04, 1.04) | (1.02, 1.02) | |
| Self-rated poor health (wave I) | 2.41∗∗∗ | 2.41∗∗∗ | 1.23∗∗∗ | 1.22∗∗∗ | 1.22∗∗∗ | 1.21∗∗∗ | 1.06∗∗∗ | 1.05∗∗∗ |
| (2.37, 2.45) | (2.37, 2.45) | (1.21, 1.25) | (1.20, 1.24) | (1.20, 1.24) | (1.19, 1.23) | (1.03, 1.08) | (1.02, 1.08) | |
| N | 13,313 | 13,313 | 13,313 | 13,313 | 13,313 | 13,313 | 13,313 | 13,313 |
∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗P < .001 (two-tailed tests).
95% confidence intervals in parentheses.
OR = odds ratio.