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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Commun Disord. 2020 Aug 18;87:106033. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.106033

Table 1.

Lists of signs of Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

ASHA Consensus Signs (ASHA, 2007) luzzini-Seigel et al. (2015) Signs Shriberg et al. (2017) Signs Fedorenko et al. (2015) Signs
Lengthened and disrupted coarticulatory transitions Groping Groping Silent groping
Difficulty sequencing phonemes and syllables
Voicing errors Voicing errors Voicing errors
Increased difficulty with multisyllabic words Increased difficulty with multisyllabic words Increased errors with increased word length/complexity
Difficulty achieving initial or transitionary movement gestures Difficulty achieving initial or transitionary movement gestures Difficulty achieving initial articulatory configurations
Intrusive schwa Intrusive schwa Epenthesis/syllable repetition
Phoneme/syllable repetition
Difficulty maintaining syllable integrity
Addition errors
Metathesis
Frequent phoneme omissions
Prolongations
Vowel error Vowel distortions Nonphonemic/distorted substitutions
Consonant distortion Distorted substitutions Slowed/disrupted DDK sequences
Nasality disturbance Distorted substitutions Slow speech/DDK1 rate
Slow rate
Stress errors Equal stress/lexical stress errors Syllable segregation
Inappropriate prosody Syllable segregation Syllable segregation Equal stress/lexical stress errors
Altered suprasegmental features
Inconsistent errors Same word/syllable different on repetition
Same C/V different across different words
1

DDK: Diadochokinetic rate (syllables per unit time during the repetition of a syllable such as “pa”).