Table 1.

Lists of signs of Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

ASHA Consensus Signs (ASHA, 2007)	luzzini-Seigel et al. (2015) Signs	Shriberg et al. (2017) Signs	Fedorenko et al. (2015) Signs
Lengthened and disrupted coarticulatory transitions	Groping	Groping	Silent groping
			Difficulty sequencing phonemes and syllables
	Voicing errors	Voicing errors	Voicing errors
	Increased difficulty with multisyllabic words	Increased difficulty with multisyllabic words	Increased errors with increased word length/complexity
	Difficulty achieving initial or transitionary movement gestures	Difficulty achieving initial or transitionary movement gestures	Difficulty achieving initial articulatory configurations
	Intrusive schwa	Intrusive schwa	Epenthesis/syllable repetition
			Phoneme/syllable repetition
			Difficulty maintaining syllable integrity
			Addition errors
			Metathesis
			Frequent phoneme omissions
			Prolongations
	Vowel error	Vowel distortions	Nonphonemic/distorted substitutions
	Consonant distortion	Distorted substitutions	Slowed/disrupted DDK sequences
	Nasality disturbance	Distorted substitutions Slow speech/DDK1 rate
	Slow rate
	Stress errors	Equal stress/lexical stress errors	Syllable segregation
Inappropriate prosody	Syllable segregation	Syllable segregation	Equal stress/lexical stress errors
			Altered suprasegmental features
Inconsistent errors			Same word/syllable different on repetition
			Same C/V different across different words

¹DDK: Diadochokinetic rate (syllables per unit time during the repetition of a syllable such as “pa”).