Table 2.
Risk factors for malaria by PCR in medium and high prevalence villages, Sundargarh district, 2013-2014
| Medium prevalence villages |
High prevalence villages | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR, 95% CI | P-value | RR, 95% CI | P-value | |
| Male gender | 1.83, 1.01-3.31 | 0.048 | 2.21, 1.42-3.44 | <0.001 |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| <5 | 0.92, 0.39-2.15 | 0.839 | 2.24, 1.37-3.65 | 0.001 |
| 5-14 | 1.21, 0.60-2.46 | 0.588 | 2.09, 1.31-3.35 | 0.002 |
| 15+ | Reference | Reference | ||
| Rainy season | 2.57, 1.38-4.76 | 0.003 | 2.79, 1.69-4.59 | <0.001 |
| ITN use | 2.39, 1.31-4.34 | 0.004 | 2.10, 1.38-3.19 | 0.001 |
| Used repellents | 1.69, 0.94-3.04 | 0.077 | 1.63, 1.02-2.61 | 0.041 |
| House sprayed in last year | ||||
| Indoor +/− outdoor | 0.92, 0.45-1.85 | 0.806 | 0.85, 0.54-1.34 | 0.484 |
| Outdoor only | 3.97, 1.99-7.91 | <0.001 | 2.19, 1.18-4.09 | 0.013 |
| None | Reference | Reference | ||
| Travel in last 2 weeks | -* | 1.23, 0.41-3.67 | 0.713 | |
| Malaria in the past year | 1.01, 0.54-1.91 | 0.974 | 1.38, 0.91-2.10 | 0.131 |
| Antimalarials past two weeks |
3.86, 1.26-11.85 | 0.018 | 0.64, 0.12-3.33 | 0.598 |
| Multivariate Models | ||||
| Male | 1.91, 1.09-3.34 | 0.023 | 1.67, 1.09-2.57 | 0.019 |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| <5 | 0.81, 0.37-1.75 | 0.590 | 1.69, 1.09-2.64 | 0.020 |
| 5-14 | 1.22, 0.62-2.40 | 0.565 | 1.75, 1.07-2.86 | 0.025 |
| 15+ | Reference | Reference† | ||
| Rainy season | 3.32, 1.87-5.89 | <0.001 | 3.87, 2.00-7.49 | <0.001 |
| ITN | 1.58, 0.83-3.02 | 0.162 | 1.16, 0.71-1.88 | 0.551 |
| House sprayed in last year | ||||
| Indoor +/− outdoor | 0.80, 0.40-1.61 | 0.528 | 0.39, 0.24-0.63 | <0.001 |
| Outdoor only | 4.65, 2.30-9.40 | <0.001 | 0.92, 0.54-1.57 | 0.752 |
| None | Reference | Reference | ||
| Antimalarials past two weeks |
5.70, 1.44-22.49 | 0.013 | 0.58, 0.10-3.36 | 0.540 |
CI: confidence interval, ITN: insecticide treated net, RR: risk ratio
Notes: Significant factors indicated in bold. Factors significant in one group but not in the other were kept in the model to allow comparison between the two types of villages. The use of ITNs was kept in in the model because it was a factor of interest.
*
None of the participants with malaria had travelled in the past two weeks
†
Further exploration of interaction between gender and age in the high prevalence villages showed that females have a significant different risk of malaria compared to males from 15+ years onward