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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Stimul. 2020 Jun 3;13(5):1207–1210. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.06.003

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

(A) Representative lip pursing fMRI activations from a three-subject group analysis. Lip motion-related changes in BOLD signals were found in the precentral gyrus (M1) (blue arrow indicates right hemisphere M1 and white arrow indicates left hemisphere M1). (B) Swallowing fMRI activations from the same three subject group analysis. BOLD activations displayed swallowing motion-related activity in the precentral gyrus (M1) (blue arrow indicates right hemisphere M1 and white arrow indicates left hemisphere M1). (C) The overlaid activations of lips motion (red) vs. swallowing movement (green) in different M1 regions (small blue circle indicates right hemisphere overlaying spot and big blue circle indicates left hemisphere overlaying spot). (D) Representative activation of the lip pursing task shown on an inflated representation of the left cerebral cortex from one subject. (E) Representative activations of the swallowing task shown on an inflated representation of the left cerebral cortex from the same subject in D. (F) The swallowing task fMRI-guided target transformed to the Nexstim navigation system with the same MRI coordinates (−56, −8, 44,) in the left hemisphere representing the same subject shown in E. The magnitude of the E-field is shown on a color scale on top of the cortical surface with the same subject. The surface rendering of the Nexstim NBS navigation system, in which the activations are computed onto a spherical surface that is painted on the “peeled” MRI. (G) The surface EMG recording of lip OO MEPs and SMC MEP when searching around OO ‘hot spot’ to determine SMC ‘hot spot’ from the same representative subject. The upper wave indicates indirect lip OO MEP; the middle wave indicates indirect swallowing SMC MEP; and the lower wave indicates direct lip OO MEP. (H) Coronal view of diffusion tractography of the left pharyngeal M1 to ipsilateral pons. (I) Bilateral fiber tracts (corticobulbar tract, CBT) in the pharyngeal M1 passing thought the pons. (J) CBT in the left pharyngeal M1 passing through the left pons. Representative fMRI-guided nTMS ‘virtual lesion’ model of lip OO MEPs (K) and fMRI-guided nTMS ‘virtual lesion’ model of SMC MEPs (L) obtained from the ssame subject. Cortical excitability at baseline (pre-cTBS) and post-cTBS at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 min. Average of 15 trials at each time point with average values plotted on a single graph. Suppression was not induced immediately after cTBS; however, the significant inhibitory effect occurred at 40 min post-cTBS (p = 0.03739, paired t- test). The latency of MEPs around 9.99 ± 3.9 ms in each time point. (M) Linear regression showing significant decline before and after cTBS over time (r = −0.66, p = 0.005).