Table 2.
Associations of eating behaviors with objective measures of physical function in older, community dwelling women*
| Grip Strength, kg | Repeated Chair Stand, sec† | Timed Walk, m/sec | EPESE SPPB Score | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | LS Mean | (95% CI) | N | LS Mean | (95% CI) | N | LS Mean | (95% CI) | N | LS Mean | (95% CI) | |
| Eat <2 meals/day | ||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | ||||||||||||
| No | 5183 | 18.38 | (18.18, 18.57) | 5082 | 0.338 | (0.335, 0.342) | 4977 | 0.674 | (0.666, 0.682) | 5094 | 8.30 | (8.24, 8.37) |
| Yes | 297 | 18.27 | (17.47, 19.06) | 267 | 0.324 | (0.310, 0.339) | 277 | 0.605 | (0.571, 0.639) | 282 | 7.76 | (7.46, 8.04) |
| p-value‡ | 0.79 | 0.07 | 0.0001 | 0.0004 | ||||||||
| Adjusted§ | ||||||||||||
| No | 4863 | 18.54 | (18.33, 18.75) | 4775 | 0.341 | (0.337, 0.345) | 4679 | 0.681 | (0.672, 0.691) | 4783 | 8.38 | (8.30, 8.45) |
| Yes | 277 | 17.65 | (16.88, 18.42) | 252 | 0.326 | (0.312, 0.341) | 260 | 0.624 | (0.590, 0.658) | 265 | 7.83 | (7.55, 8.12) |
| p-value‡ | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.0002 | ||||||||
| Adjusted (subgroup)# | ||||||||||||
| No | 4124 | 18.51 | (18.28,18.74) | 4078 | 0.341 | (0.337,0.345) | 3974 | 0.681 | (0.671,0.691) | 4071 | 8.38 | (8.30,8.46) |
| Yes | 226 | 18.02 | (17.17,18.87) | 205 | 0.332 | 0.316,0.349) | 206 | 0.629 | (0.591,0.668) | 212 | 7.86 | (7.55, 8.18) |
| p-value | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.002 | ||||||||
| Eat alone most of the time | ||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | ||||||||||||
| No | 2732 | 18.53 | (18.27, 18.79) | 2703 | 0.341 | (0.336,0.345) | 2654 | 0.685 | (0.674, 0.696) | 2712 | 8.42 | (8.33, 8.52) |
| Yes | 2748 | 18.21 | (17.95, 18.47) | 2646 | 0.334 | (0.330, 0.339) | 2600 | 0.655 | (0.644, 0.666) | 2664 | 8.12 | (8.03, 8.22) |
| p-value‡ | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Adjusted§ | ||||||||||||
| No | 2561 | 18.47 | (18.20, 18.74) | 2542 | 0.338 | (0.333, 0.343) | 2491 | 0.679 | (0.667, 0.690) | 2549 | 8.35 | (8.25, 8.45) |
| Yes | 2579 | 18.51 | (18.23, 18.79) | 2485 | 0.343 | (0.337, 0.348) | 2448 | 0.677 | (0.665, 0.690) | 2499 | 8.34 | (8.24, 8.44) |
| p-value‡ | 0.83 | 0.17 | 0.88 | 0.86 | ||||||||
| Adjusted (subgroup)# | ||||||||||||
| No | 2169 | 18.49 | (18.19,18.78), | 2176 | 0.338 | (0.332,0.343) | 2111 | 0.679 | (0.666,0.692) | 2173 | 8.36 | (8.25,8.46) |
| Yes | 2181 | 18.48 | (18.18,18.78) | 2107 | .0343 | (0.338,0.349) | 2069 | 0.677 | (0.664,0.690) | 2110 | 8.35 | (8.24,8.46) |
| p-value | 0.98 | 0.15 | 0.83 | 0.89 | ||||||||
| Presence of eating difficulties due to tooth/mouth problems | ||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | ||||||||||||
| No | 5209 | 18.41 | (18.22, 18.60) | 5096 | 0.338 | (0.335, 0.342) | 5000 | 0.674 | (0.666, 0.682) | 5113 | 8.31 | (8.25, 8.38) |
| Yes | 271 | 17.57 | (16.74, 18.40) | 253 | 0.322 | (0.307, 0.337) | 254 | 0.597 | (0.561, 0.632) | 263 | 7.51 | (7.21, 7.82) |
| p-value‡ | 0.05 | 0.03 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Adjusted§ | ||||||||||||
| No | 4880 | 18.54 | (18.33, 18.75) | 4783 | 0.341 | (0.337, 0.345) | 4694 | 0.681 | (0.672, 0.690) | 4796 | 8.38 | (8.30, 8.46) |
| Yes | 260 | 17.52 | (16.73, 18.32) | 244 | 0.330 | (0.315, 0.345) | 245 | 0.616 | (0.580, 0.651) | 252 | 7.69 | (7.40, 7.99) |
| p-value‡ | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.0003 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Adjusted (subgroup)# | ||||||||||||
| No | 4133 | 18.53 | (18.30,18.76) | 4076 | 0.341 | (0.337,0.345) | 3977 | 0.680 | (0.670,0.690) | 4072 | 8.38 | (8.30,8.47) |
| Yes | 217 | 17.59 | (16.72,18.46) | 207 | 0.331 | (0.315,0.347) | 203 | 0.633 | (0.594,0.672) | 211 | 7.73 | (7.41,8.05) |
| p-value | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.02 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Not always able to physically shop, cook and feed self | ||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | ||||||||||||
| No | 5131 | 18.45 | (18.26, 18.64) | 5042 | 0.339 | (0.336, 0.343) | 4933 | 0.675 | (0.667, 0.683) | 5041 | 8.34 | (8.27, 8.41) |
| Yes | 349 | 17.18 | (16.45, 17.92) | 307 | 0.312 | (0.300, 0.325) | 321 | 0.596 | (0.564, 0.627) | 335 | 7.25 | (6.98, 7.52) |
| p-value‡ | 0.001 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Adjusted§ | ||||||||||||
| No | 4816 | 18.52 | (18.31, 18.73) | 4739 | 0.341 | (0.337, 0.345) | 4640 | 0.680 | (0.671, 0.689) | 4736 | 8.38 | (8.31, 8.46) |
| Yes | 324 | 18.00 | (17.28, 18.71) | 288 | 0.328 | (0.314, 0.342) | 299 | 0.646 | (0.614, 0.678) | 312 | 7.74 | (7.48, 8.01) |
| p-value‡ | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.04 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Adjusted (subgroup)# | ||||||||||||
| No | 4088 | 18.51 | (18.28,18.74) | 4046 | 0.341 | (0.337,0.346) | 3937 | 0.680 | (0.670,0.690) | 4029 | 8.39 | (8.31,8.47) |
| Yes | 262 | 18.02 | (17.23,18.81) | 237 | 0.327 | 0.313,0.343) | 243 | 0.648 | (0.613,0.684) | 254 | 7.75 | (8.47,8.04) |
| p-value | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.09 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Insufficient economic resources to purchase food | ||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | ||||||||||||
| No | 5214 | 18.38 | (18.19, 18.57) | 5097 | 0.338 | (0.335, 0.342) | 5016 | 0.673 | (0.665, 0.681) | 5122 | 8.30 | (8.24, 8.37) |
| Yes | 266 | 18.11 | (17.27, 18.95) | 252 | 0.324 | (0.310, 0.339) | 238 | 0.619 | (0.583, 0.656) | 254 | 7.69 | (7.38, 8.00) |
| p-value‡ | 0.53 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| Adjusted§ | ||||||||||||
| No | 4885 | 18.55 | (18.34, 18.76) | 4783 | 0.341 | (0.337, 0.345) | 4712 | 0.680 | (0.671, 0.689) | 4805 | 8.37 | (8.29, 8.45) |
| Yes | 255 | 17.31 | (16.50, 18.12) | 244 | 0.332 | (0.317, 0.347) | 227 | 0.642 | (0.605, 0.678) | 243 | 7.84 | (7.54, 8.14) |
| p-value‡ | 0.003 | 0.28 | 0.04 | 0.001 | ||||||||
| Adjusted (subgroup)# | ||||||||||||
| No | 4130 | 18.54 | (18.31,18.77) | 4069 | 0.340 | (0.336,0.345) | 3986 | 0.679 | (0.669,0.689) | 4074 | 8.37 | (8.29,8.46) |
| Yes | 220 | 17.46 | (16.59.18.32) | 214 | 0.341 | (0.325,0.358) | 194 | 0.653 | (0.614,0.693) | 209 | 7.94 | (7.62,8.26) |
| p-value | 0.02 | 0.93 | 0.21 | 0.001 | ||||||||
†
Computations for the repeated chair stand were done on the natural log scale and values were back-transformed. Geometric means are presented.
‡
P-values are for the main effect of the corresponding eating behavior in a linear regression model and come from type III sum of squares F-tests. All testing for the repeated chair stand was done on the log scale.
§
Adjusted for age at the start of WHI Extension 2, race/ethnicity, body mass index and history of multimorbidity.
#
Adjusted for age at the start of WHI Extension 2, race/ethnicity, body mass index, HEI-2010 score and history of multimorbidity
*
cell sizes may vary due to missing values