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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 15.
Published in final edited form as: Acc Chem Res. 2020 Aug 12;53(9):1869–1880. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00323

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Renal-clearable nanomaterials. (a) Whole-body X-ray images showed the delayed renal clearance of sub-nanoscale AuNPs as they decreased in size from Au25 to Au10-11. (b) Schematic of Au25 and Au18 passing through the endothelial glycocalyx, which serves as a size-selective filter. (c) Renal clearance efficiency of AuNPs, C dots, and QDs as a function of their HD sizes. (d) Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) images show the efficient renal clearance of single-walled CNTs and mathematical modeling suggested that blood flow is strong enough to guide CNTs through renal filtration. (e) PET images showing fast renal clearance of tetrahedral DNA framework (~13 nm). (f) PET images showing fast renal clearance of POM clusters (1-2 nm). Panel a and b adapted with permission from Ref.16. Copyright (2017) Nature Publishing Group. Panel d adapted with permission from Ref.17. Copyright (2010) National Academy of Sciences. Panel e adapted with permission from Ref.22. Copyright (2019) Springer Nature. Panel f adapted with permission from Ref.27. Copyright (2017) American Chemistry Society.