Figure 5.

Optical imaging of kidney dysfunction. (a) Renal-clearable AuNPs evaluated kidney function in murine models of UUO via optical imaging. (b) AuNP-based imaging differentiated mild and severe kidney damage and identified renal function compensation. (c) Scheme principles of dual-functional molecular renal probes diagnosing cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury via responsive molecular renal probes (MRPs). (d) Optical images of mice after cisplatin treatment to induce kidney injury. The real-time on/off of chemiluminescence and NIRF signal from MRPs showed the process of cisplatin exposure and may help with kidney injury prediction. Panel a, and b adapted with permission from Ref.37, Copyright (2016) John Wiley and Sons. c and d adapted with permission from Ref.39. Copyright (2019) Nature Publishing Group.