Table 2.
Evaluating the association between baseline purpose (t1;2006/2008) and unhealthy behaviors (over an eight-year follow-up period (t1;2006/2008 to t5;2014/2016)) in Cox time-to-event analysis.a
| Outcomes | Purpose in Life: HR (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Relapseb (n=12,039; cases=220) |
Standardized Purpose |
Quartile 1 (n=3,073) |
Quartile 2 (n=3,452) |
Quartile 3 (n=2,624) |
Quartile 4 (n=2,890) |
| Model 1c | 0.80 (0.68 – 0.93) | Reference | 0.70 (0.48 – 1.02) | 0.60 (0.40 – 0.91) | 0.53 (0.34 – 0.84) |
| Model 2d | 0.86 (0.73 – 1.01) | Reference | 0.77 (0.53 – 1.13) | 0.70 (0.46 – 1.07) | 0.65 (0.41 – 1.03) |
| Model 3e | 0.90 (0.76 – 1.07) | Reference | 0.83 (0.57 – 1.20) | 0.76 (0.49 – 1.16) | 0.73 (0.46 – 1.16) |
|
| |||||
| Becoming Physically Inactive (n=4,277; cases=3,038) |
Standardized Purpose |
Quartile 1 (n=1,075) |
Quartile 2 (n=1,273) |
Quartile 3 (n=1,001) |
Quartile 4 (n=928) |
| Model 1c | 0.86 (0.83 – 0.90) | Reference | 0.81 (0.74 – 0.90) | 0.70 (0.63 – 0.78) | 0.71 (0.64 – 0.79) |
| Model 2d | 0.89 (0.86 – 0.93) | Reference | 0.84 (0.76 – 0.93) | 0.76 (0.68 – 0.85) | 0.76 (0.68 – 0.85) |
| Model 3e | 0.91 (0.87 – 0.95) | Reference | 0.86 (0.78 – 0.95) | 0.79 (0.71 – 0.88) | 0.79 (0.71 – 0.89) |
|
| |||||
| Becoming Heavy Alcohol User (n=12,547; cases=823) |
Standardized Purpose |
Quartile 1 (n=3,342) |
Quartile 2 (n=3,015) |
Quartile 3 (n=3,267) |
Quartile 4 (n=2,923) |
| Model 1c | 1.07 (0.99 – 1.16) | Reference | 1.00 (0.79 – 1.27) | 1.16 (0.94 – 1.43) | 1.16 (0.92 – 1.45) |
| Model 2d | 1.03 (0.94 – 1.12) | Reference | 0.95 (0.74 – 1.21) | 1.05 (0.85 – 1.31) | 1.02 (0.81 – 1.29) |
| Model 3e | 1.00 (0.92 – 1.10) | Reference | 0.91 (0.71 – 1.17) | 1.01 (0.81 – 1.26) | 0.96 (0.75 – 1.22) |
|
| |||||
| Onset of Sleep Problems (n=4,185; cases=1,816) |
Standardized Purpose |
Quartile 1 (n=1,194) |
Quartile 2 (n=1043) |
Quartile 3 (n=933) |
Quartile 4 (n=1,015) |
| Model 1c | 0.83 (0.78 – 0.88) | Reference | 0.85 (0.75 – 0.98) | 0.74 (0.64 – 0.85) | 0.62 (0.54 – 0.72) |
| Model 2d | 0.86 (0.81 – 0.91) | Reference | 0.89 (0.78 – 1.02) | 0.79 (0.68 – 0.92) | 0.67 (0.58 – 0.79) |
| Model 3e | 0.88 (0.83 – 0.93) | Reference | 0.92 (0.80 – 1.05) | 0.82 (0.71 – 0.96) | 0.71 (0.60 – 0.83) |
|
| |||||
| Onset of Unhealthy BMI (n=5,219; cases=2,730) |
Standardized Purpose |
Quartile 1 (n=1,504) |
Quartile 2 (n=1,234) |
Quartile 3 (n=1,184) |
Quartile 4 (n=1,297) |
| Model 1c | 0.90 (0.86 – 0.94) | Reference | 0.85 (0.76 – 0.95) | 0.81 (0.72 – 0.90) | 0.74 (0.66 – 0.84) |
| Model 2d | 0.91 (0.87 – 0.95) | Reference | 0.87 (0.77 – 0.97) | 0.83 (0.74 – 0.94) | 0.78 (0.69 – 0.87) |
| Model 3e | 0.92 (0.88 – 0.96) | Reference | 0.87 (0.77 – 0.98) | 0.84 (0.74 – 0.94) | 0.78 (0.69 – 0.89) |
All respondents who were not smoking at baseline, but began smoking over the follow-up period were smokers in prior waves. Thus, we labeled this outcome smoking relapse.
The analytic sample size, the number of cases, and the number of individuals in each purpose quartile were calculated based on the first (out of 20) imputed datasets. Hazard ratio estimates and confidence intervals were obtained by combining results from all of the 20 imputed datasets.
Model 1 is age-adjusted.
Model 2 adds sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, total wealth, and health insurance.
Model 3 adds heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, lung disease, arthritis, and depression.