TABLE 2.
Differences in STSS-I, ESQ, and CSES-SF between Health and Emergency Groups (n = 210).
|
Health group |
Emergency group |
|||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t-value | Cohen’s d | |
| ESQ | ||||
| Organizational_ relational stress | 22.69 (4.43) | 19.43 (3.62) | 5.69*** | 0.81 |
| Physical stress | 10.29 (3.13) | 8.09 (4.60) | 3.19** | 0.45 |
| Inefficacy decision | 14.45 (3.13) | 12.79 (3.05) | 3.84*** | 0.54 |
| Emotional stress | 14.17 (3.48) | 10.45 (3.16) | 7.95*** | 1.12 |
| Cognitive stress | 8.88 (2.89) | 6.08 (2.53) | 7.30*** | 1.03 |
| COVID-19 stress | 15.54 (3.67) | 12.74 (4.17) | 5.37*** | 0.71 |
| CSES-SF | ||||
| Focused problem | 36.69 (6.76) | 37.65 (6.57) | –1.04 | 0.14 |
| Stop emotion_ thought | 32.50 (10.59) | 36.40 (9.00) | −2.81** | 0.40 |
| Support | 21.25 (5.88) | 21.09 (6.54) | 0.183 | 0.03 |
| STSS-I | ||||
| Arousal | 26.33 (4.97) | 23.30 (5.51) | 4.15*** | 0.58 |
| Intrusion | 15.38 (5.22) | 14.55 (5.32) | 1.23 | 0.16 |
**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; STSS-I, Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale - Italian Version; ESQ, Emergency Stress Questionnaire; CSE-SF, The Coping Self-Efficacy Scale – Short Form.