Table 2.
List of microalgae and the molecular tool and techniques available for their genetic engineering.
| Organism | Genetic tools and techniques | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transformation | Genetic manipulation | Selectable markers | ||
| Botryococcus braunii | Electroporation | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: aphVIII | Berrios et al., 2016 |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Biolistic, glass bead agitation, electroporation, and agrobacterium-mediated | Gene expression, RNA interference, gene-editing using ZFNs and CRISPR | Antibiotic: aphVIII, aphVII, nptII, addA, tetX, hph, and ble. Autotrophic: arg and trp. Herbicide: 2-fluoroadenin resistance |
Kim and Cerutti, 2009; Greiner et al., 2017; Mini et al., 2018 |
| Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Electroporation | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: nptII | Run et al., 2016 |
| Chlorella sorokiniana | Biolistic | Gene integration and expression | Autotrophic: nr | Dawson et al., 1997 |
| Chlorella vulgaris | Electroporation, glass bead agitation, and agrobacterium-mediated, | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: nptII and aphVII | Cha et al., 2012; Muñoz et al., 2018 |
| Chromochloris zofingiensis | Biolistic | Gene integration and expression | Herbicide: norflurazon-resistance | Liu et al., 2014 |
| Coccomyxa sp. | Biolistic and electroporation | Gene integration and expression, gene-editing using CRISPR | Autotrophic: umps | Kasai et al., 2018; Yoshimitsu et al., 2018 |
| Coccomyxa subellipsoidea | Electroporation | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: hptII | Kania et al., 2019 |
| Cyanidioschyzon merolae | PEG-mediated | Gene integration and expression, RNAi | Antibiotic: cat
Auxotrophic: ura |
Ohnuma et al., 2009; Sumiya et al., 2015; Fujiwara et al., 2017 |
| Dunaliella salina | Electroporation, biolistic, glass beads agitation, and agrobacterium-mediated | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: aphVII and nptII
Herbicide: bar Auxotrophic: nr |
Li et al., 2007; Radakovits et al., 2010; Srinivasan and Gothandam, 2016 |
| Fistulifera solaris | Biolistic | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: nptII | Muto et al., 2013 |
| Gonium pectorale | Biolistic | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: aphVIII | Lerche and Hallmann, 2009 |
| Haematococcus pluvialis | Biolistic | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: aadA
Herbicide: norflurazon resistance |
Steinbrenner and Sandmann, 2006; Yuan et al., 2019 |
| Monoraphidium neglectum | Electroporation | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: aphVII | Jaeger et al., 2017 |
| Nannochloropsis gaditana | Electroporation | Gene integration and expression, gene-editing using CRISPR | Antibiotic: aphVII, nptII and BSD | Ajjawi et al., 2017 |
| Nannochloropsis limnetica | Electroporation | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic:aphVII and nptII | Chen and Hu, 2019 |
| Nannochloropsis oceanica | Electroporation | Gene integration and expression, RNAi, gene-editing using CRISPR | Antibiotic: sh ble and nptII | Li et al., 2014a; Poliner et al., 2018; Osorio et al., 2019 |
| Nannochloropsis oculata | Electroporation | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: sh ble | Li et al., 2014a |
| Ostreococcus tauri | Electroporation and PEG-based | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic:nptII and neo | van Ooijen et al., 2012; Sanchez et al., 2019 |
| Parachlorella kessleri | Biolistic and agrobacterium-mediated | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: nptII and aadA | Rathod et al., 2013 |
| Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Biolistic, electroporation, and bacterial conjugation | Gene integration and expression, gene-editing using MNs, CRISPR, and TAELNs | Antibiotic: nat, sat-1, addA, sh ble and cat
Autotrophic: ura Herbicide: 5-fluoroorotic acid and 2-fluoroadenine resistance |
Daboussi et al., 2014; Serif et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2018 |
| Scenedesmus obliquus | Electroporation | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic: cat | Guo et al., 2013 |
| Symbiodinium microadriaticum | silicon carbide whiskers | Gene integration and expression | Antibiotic:nptII and hpt | Te et al., 1998 |
| Thalassiosira pseudonana | Biolistic and bacterial conjugation | Gene integration and expression, gene-editing using CRISPR | Antibiotic: nat and sat-1 | Karas et al., 2015 |
| Volvox carteri f. magariensis | Biolistic | Gene integration and expression, gene-editing using CRISPR | Antibiotic: hpt and BSD
Autotrophic: nr |
Ortega-Escalante et al., 2019a,b |