TABLE 1.
Demographics and clinicopathological characteristics of GBM patients in the TCGA training cohort and CGGA validation cohort based on the DNA methylation-driven gene (MDG) signature.
| Variables |
TCGA cohort (training set) |
CGGA cohort (validation set) |
||||
| Total (n = 151) | Low risk (n = 76) | High risk (n = 75) | Total (n = 216) | Low risk (n = 108) | High risk (n = 108) | |
| Age (years) | 59.6 ± 13.7 | 57.7 ± 12.9 | 61.5 ± 14.3 | 48.8 ± 13.9 | 46.3 ± 14.1 | 50.2 ± 13.5 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 53 | 23 | 30 | 86 | 50 | 36 |
| Male | 98 | 53 | 45 | 130 | 58 | 72 |
| New event | ||||||
| No | 64 | 28 | 36 | 85 | 40 | 49 |
| Yes | 87 | 48 | 39 | 131 | 68 | 59 |
| KPS | ||||||
| <80 | 32 | 15 | 17 | NA | ||
| ≥80 | 81 | 44 | 37 | NA | ||
| NA | 38 | 17 | 21 | NA | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | ||||||
| TMZ | 64 | 31 | 33 | 40 (No) | 18 | 22 |
| TMZ + BEV | 26 | 12 | 14 | 168 (Yes) | 85 | 83 |
| Others (No TMZ) | 19 | 10 | 9 | – | – | – |
| No or NA | 42 | 23 | 19 | 8 (NA) | 5 | 3 |
| Radiotherapy | ||||||
| No | 22 | 7 | 15 | 26 | 14 | 12 |
| Yes | 122 | 66 | 56 | 183 | 90 | 93 |
| NA | 7 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
| Surgery | ||||||
| Biopsy only | 16 | 9 | 7 | NA | ||
| Tumor resection | 135 | 67 | 68 | NA | ||
| IDH status | ||||||
| Wildtype | 147 | 68 | 75 | 182 | 78 | 104 |
| Mutant | 8 | 8 | 0 | 34 | 30 | 4 |
| MGMT promoter status | ||||||
| Methylated | 66 | 26 | 40 | 105 | 37 | 55 |
| Unmethylated | 85 | 50 | 35 | 111 | 71 | 53 |
| TERT status | ||||||
| Wildtype | 146 | 74 | 72 | NA | ||
| Mutant | 5 | 2 | 3 | NA | ||
| BRAF status | ||||||
| Wildtype | 146 | 75 | 71 | NA | ||
| Mutant | 5 | 1 | 4 | NA | ||
| ATRX status | ||||||
| Wildtype | 140 | 67 | 73 | NA | ||
| Mutant | 11 | 9 | 2 | NA | ||
| EGFR status | ||||||
| Wildtype | 97 | 48 | 49 | NA | ||
| Mutant | 54 | 28 | 26 | NA | ||
| 1p/19q status | ||||||
| Non-codeletion | NA | 185 | 104 | 81 | ||
| Codeletion | NA | 5 | 4 | 1 | ||
| NA | NA | 26 | 1 | 25 | ||
GBM, glioblastoma; MDG, DNA methylation-driven gene; NA, not available; KPS, Karnofsky performance score; TMZ, temozolomide; BEV, bevacizumab; PCV, procarbazine lomustine vinCRISTine. “New event” included progression and recurrence. “Others (No TMZ)” in pharmacotherapy included PCV, PCV+BEV, and other drugs, including avastin, carmustine, and irinotecan.