Table 4.
Micronutrient deficiency rates in ASD and typically developing children in Chongqing and Hainan.
| Micronutrients | ASD-Chongqing | TD-Chongqing | ASD-Hainan | TD-Hainan | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zinc | 7.64 (34) | 0.5 (1)a*** | 1 (3)c*** | 0 (0) | <0.001 | |
| Ferritin | 15.7 (70) | 16.9 (34) | 4.1 (12)c*** | 2 (2) | <0.001 | |
| Folate | 0.2 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.3 (1) | 0 (0) | 1.000 | |
| Vitamin B12 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Vitamin D | deficiency | 8.8 (39) | 4 (8)a* | 1.7 (5)c*** | 1 (1) | <0.001 |
| inadequacy | 49.7 (221) | 59.4 (119)a* | 18.4 (54) | 2 (2)b*** | ||
| Vitamin A | deficiency | 38.4 (171) | 21.4 (43)a*** | 13.7 (40)c*** | 7.9 (8) | <0.001 |
| marginal deficiency | 46.7 (208) | 41.3 (83) | 36.9 (108)c* | 45.5 (46) |
Data shown as percentage (number). Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used in the analysis.
Significant difference of percentage of micronutrient deficiency of autism children compared with typically developing children in Chongqing.
Significant difference of percentage of micronutrient deficiency of autism children compared with typically developing children in Hainan province.
Significant difference of percentage of micronutrient deficiency of autism children in Chongqing compared with autism children in Hainan province.
P-value was adjusted in multiple comparisons by the Bonferroni method.
P < 0.05,
P < 0.001.
ASD, autism spectrum disorder; TD, typically developing.