Overexpression of σB is toxic for C. difficile and leads to plasmid loss. (A) Tenfold serial dilutions on brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 0.5% (wt/vol) yeast-extract (BHIY) agar plates of the 630Δerm (wild-type), AP34 (Ptet-slucopt), and JC096 (Ptet-sigB) strains. Similar results were obtained for strains IB58 and IB61 (data not shown). (B) Percentages of cells retaining the plasmid in AP34 (Ptet-slucopt) and JC096 (Ptet-sigB). (C) Percentages of cells retaining the plasmid in strains IB61 (sigB::CT Ptet-slucopt) and IB58 (sigB::CT Ptet-sigB). Percentages were calculated based on the ratio of CFU/ml of the paired selective (with thiamphenicol) and nonselective (without thiamphenicol) plates. *, P < 0.05; ****, P ≤ 0.0001, as determined by an unpaired Student’s t test (n = 3).