FIG 3.

A. fumigatus double null mutants indicate genetic interactions among ΔshoA, ΔmsbA, and ΔopyA. Growth phenotypes of the wild-type strain and the ΔshoA, ΔmsbA, ΔopyA, ΔmsbA ΔopyA, ΔshoA ΔmsbA, and ΔshoA ΔopyA mutants were determined. (A to H) The strains were grown for 4 days at 37°C (A) on MM or YAG (B) or on MM plus Congo red (CR) (C), MM plus calcofluor white (CFW) (D), MM plus CaCl₂ (E), MM plus sorbitol (F), and MM plus menadione (G), and (H) MM plus caspofungin, and their radial growth was quantified. The results shown represent the means of measurements of the diameter of 3 colonies for each strain ± standard deviation. The data were analyzed (Prism, GraphPad) using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni posttests. The levels of significance compared to the wild-type results are indicated as follows: *, P < 0.1; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. (I) PCA of the results shown in panels A to E. (J and K) Detection of β-1,3−glucan (Dectin-1; J) and chitin (CFW; K) exposed on the cell surface was performed. WT, wild type. Experiments were performed in triplicate, and the results are displayed as mean values with standard errors (two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s P < 0.05).