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. 2020 Sep 16;10:15209. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72214-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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HIV-1 infection of MG-hBORGs causes reactive astrocytosis, decreased synaptic density, and neurodegeneration. Expression levels of βIII-Tubulin (A), GFAP (B) and Iba1 (C) in HIV-infected and mock-infected MG-BORGs were assessed on day 15. Fold change in HIV-infected MG-hBORGs was calculated using mock-infected MG-hBORGs as 1 (N = 3). (D) Immunostaining of sections of MG-hBORGs for Tuj1(gray), PSD-95 (red) and SYN (green) were used to stain synapses (PSD95/SYN merged) in viable neurons in mock and HIV-infected organoids. Mean intensities PSD-95 (E) and SYN (F) were normalized to Tuj1 (maximum intensity). (G) The percentage of synaptic contacts (PSD-95/SYN co-localization intensity) in HIV-infected MG-hBORGs was calculated using the intensity of synaptic contacts in mock-infected MG-hBORGs as 100% (N = 4). Statistical significance was calculated using unpaired Student’s t test.