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. 2020 Sep 3;11:1088. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01088

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Copyright © 2020 Zhang, Ding, Zhang, Wang, Zhu and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The underlying mechanisms of miRNA biogenesis, cellular release and circulation. Pri-miRNAs are generated from miRNA genes with the help of RNA polymerase II and cleaved by Drosha/DGCR8 to form pre-miRNAs. Pre-miRNAs are then transported into cytoplasm and cleaved by Dicer/TRBP. The miRNA duplexs produced are then translated into mature miRNAs. However, only one strand of the miRNA duplex is translated into the mature miRNA. Both pre-miRNAs and mature miRNAs can be released into the bloodstream by several pathways. miRNAs can be released by association with particles, such as lipoprotein complexes (HDL) and RNA-binding proteins (Ago2), or by being packaged in vesicles (exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies).