Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics.
| brass musicians with ED | healthy brass musicians | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y (mean, SD) | 44.2, 12.4 | 44.1, 12.1 | 0.981) | |
| Sex (m/f) | 14/2 | 16/0 | 0.102) | |
| TIV, cm3 (mean, SD) | 1604.8 | 1593.5 | 0.791) | |
| age at start of play, y (mean, SD) | 11.2, 2.5 | 11.0, 3.8 | 0.821) | |
| main instrument (trumpet/trombone/horn) | 4/8/4 | 3/3/10 | ||
| Disease duration, mo | 65.8, 50.7 | |||
| Daily training, h (median, IQR)a | before ED | 4.0, 1.8 | 2.5, 1.3 | 0.0052) / 0.0023)(between/within-group) |
| with ED | 0.9, 2.0 | |||
| ED score (median, IQR)b | 4.0, 1.8 | 1.0, 0 | <0.0012) | |
| ADDS (mean, SD) | 99.4, 1.7 | |||
Demographic and clinical characteristics of healthy and diseased brass musicians. To further account for potential nuisance effects of age, sex and total intracranial volume (TIV), these variables were additionally included as nuisance covariates in statistical analyses where appropriate (see section ‘Statistical analyses’). Statistical between-group comparisons applied 1)t-tests, 2)Wilcoxon rank-sum or 3)signed-ranks tests. Evaluation by both ADDS and neurologic exam did not reveal signs of signs of concomitant hand dystonia in patients. SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range; y = years; h = hours; TIV = total intracranial volume; m = male; f = female; NA = not applicable.
aBased on retrospective reports. For daily training at the time of the study, the average for the last four weeks was indicated. Given the nature of the disease, daily training was reduced after disease onset compared to healthy brass players.
bEmbouchure dystonia score (dystonic symptom rating during performance of standardized sequences): 1 = normal play, 2 = nearly normal play, not distinctly dystonic; 3–5 = abnormal playing with evidence of dystonic orofacial movements (minor/medium/severe degree).