Table 1.
Studies that Used Data From the JAGES (published 2011-2020)a.
| Study | Years of collected data by JAGES | N (Analyze) | Outcomes | Adjusted variables | Explanatory variables | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saito et al1 | Followed-up from 2003 to 2013 | 12 085 | Onset of functional disability, dementia, death | Age, gender, marital status, living status, educational attainment, annual equivalent income, disease, memory loss, living area | Social isolation (frequency of face-to-face, non-face-to-face contact with nonresident family members, relatives, and friends) | HRs for functional disability, dementia, and premature death (ref. contact with others more than 9 per a week): Contact with others “less than once a month”: adjusted HR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.16-1.61, HR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.21-1.74, and HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.16-1.55, respectively. Contact with others “from once a month to once a week” was also associated with these health indicators. |
| Aida et al2 | Followed-up from 2003 to 2008 | 13 310 | Mortality | Age, sex, BMI, self-rated health, present illness, smoking history, drinking, exercise, annual equivalent income, educational attainment | Cognitive social capital (general trust, social support, reciprocity) and structural social capital (social network: participation in political, industry, volunteer, citizen, religious, sports, neighborhood, avocation group, and frequency of meeting friends) | Low friendship network had significant association with high all-cause mortality. Male: meeting friends rarely (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.10-1.53), female: having no friends (HR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.02-3.23), after adjusting for covariates. |
| Tani et al3 | Followed-up from 2010 to 2013 | 37 193 | Depression | Age, education, equivalised household income, disease symptom, higher level of functional ability, frequency of vegitable or fruit intake, BMI, social support, social participation, frequency of meet friends, employment status, and marital status | Eating status, living status | The ARR for depression onset: Male: Those living alone and eating alone: ARR: 2.36 (95% CI: 1.18-4.71); those living with others and eating alone: ARR: 1.03 (95% CI: 0.81-1.32). Female: Those living alone and eating alone: ARR: 1.31 (95% CI: 1.00-1.72); those living with others and eating alone: ARR: 1.21 (95% CI: 1.01-1.44). |
| Nemoto et al4 | Followed-up from 2003 to 2013 | 13 850 | Dementia onset | Sex, age, educational attainment, marital status, living status, employment, drinking, smoking, walking time, IADLs, medical history (heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes), and depression | Social participation (neighborhood associations/senior citizen clubs/fire-fighting teams, hobby groups, sports groups or clubs, political organizations or groups, industrial or trade associations, religious groups, volunteer groups, and citizen or consumer groups), position in the organization (leadership positions or regular members) | In young-old elderly (65-74 years), adjusted HR for dementia onset (ref. nonparticipants): Regular members or leadership positions: adjusted HR: 0.75: 95% CI: 0.64-0.88. Adjusted HR for dementia onset (ref. regular member): nonparticipants: adjusted HR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.02-1.46; Leadership positions: HR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.65-0.99. |
| Saito et al5 | Followed for 3436 days (9.4 years) from 2003 | 13 984 | Incident dementia | Sex, age, educational attainment, household income, depression, subjective cognitive impairment, IADL, walking time, stroke, diabetes, hobby | Social relationship: social networks (contact with friends, marital status), social support (social support exchange), social activity (participating in community group and engagement in paid work) | Being married, exchanging support with family members, having contact with friends, participating in community groups, and engaging in paid work were negatively related to incident dementia, after adjusting for covariates. The diversity scores (range 0-5) were associated with incident dementia (P < .001), and those who scored the highest were 46% less likely to develop incident dementia than those in the lowest category. |
| Tsuji et al6 | Followed-up from 2010-2012 to 2016 | 40 308 | Risk of cognitive impairment | Sex, age, disease status in treatment (stroke, hypertension, diabetes, hearing loss), depression, educational attainment, annual equivalent income, the presence of illnesses, depression, BMI, smoking, drinking, daily walking time, contact with others, frequency of meeting with friends/acquaintances, living status, population density, sunlight hours | Frequency of sports group participation | Higher prevalence of community-level sports group participation was associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment (adjusted HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.99, estimated by 10 percentage points of participation proportion). |
| Fujihara et al7 | Followed up from 2010-2012 to 2013 | 30 587 | IADL | Sex, age, marital status, educational attainment, annual household income, the presence of illnesses, depression, BMI, smoking, drinking, daily walking time, frequency of going outside | Main predictor variable: Community-level social capital: civic participation (ie, participation in a volunteer group, a sports group, a hobby activity), social cohesion (ie, community trust and attachment), reciprocity (ie, receiving/providing emotional support or receiving instrumental support). Predictor variable: Individual-level social capital: participation in civic life, social cohesion, reciprocity. | Older people living in a community with higher civic participation presented significantly lower IADL disability (odds ratio: 0.90 per 1 standard deviation increase in civic participation score, 95% CI: 0.84-0.96), after adjusting for covariates. |
| Ide et al8 | Followed -up for about 6 years from 2010 | 47 306 | Incidence of functional decline | Age, sex, annual equivalent income, educational attainment, marital status, self-reported medical conditions, smoking, drinking, walking time, frequency of going outdoors, depression, emotional support, instrumental support, frequency of meeting friends, IADL | Social participation (neighborhood groups, hobby groups, sports groups or clubs, industrial groups, volunteer groups, and senior citizen clubs, work) | For rural and urban older people, participation in work (Rural: HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.76-0.91, urban: HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.70-0.91), participation in hobbies (Rural: HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.68-0.85, Urban: HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.84-0.97), and sports (Rural: HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.69-0.89, Urban: HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.77-0.91) was found to be protective against the incidence of decline, after adjusting for covariates. |
| Kanamori et al9 | Followed-up from 2003 to 2007 | 11 581 | Incident functional disability | Age, sex, annual equivalent income, educational attainment, marital status, occupational status, self-reported medical conditions, depression, smoking, drinking | Frequency of exercise (sports activities) and participation in sports organization | HRs for the incidence of functional disability (ref. active participation group, doing exercise once a month or more with participation in sport organization): Exercise alone group (doing exercise once a month or more without participation in sport organization): adjusted HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.02-1.64. Sedentary group (doing exercise less than once a month without participation in sport organization): adjusted HR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.33-2.04. |
| Kanamori et al10 | Followed-up from 2003 to 2007 | 12 951 | Incident functional disability | Age, sex, annual equivalent income, educational attainment, marital status, occupational status, self-reported medical conditions | Social participation (neighborhood associations/senior citizen clubs/fire-fighting teams, hobby groups, sports groups or clubs, political organizations or groups, industrial or trade associations, religious organizations or groups, volunteer groups and citizen or consumer groups): the number of organizations for participations; types of the organizations | HRs for the incidence functional disability (ref. No participation): 1 participation: HR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73-0.95; 2 participation: HR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.61-0.85; 3 or more participation: HR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.46-0.70) |
| Takahashi et al11 | Followed -up from 2003 to 2013 | 9741 | The need for LTC or death at the end of the 9.4 years observational period, the incidence of the need for LTC or death at 2 and 5 years | Age, gender, living alone, educational attainment, smoking, drinking, walking time, annual household income, the number of comorbidities | Social participation (neighborhood associations/senior citizen clubs/fire-fighting teams, hobby groups, sports groups or clubs, political organizations or groups, industrial or trade associations, religious organizations or groups, volunteer groups, and citizen or consumer groups) | Social participation was strongly related to lower risk of the need for LTC (AOR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69-0.97) or death (AOR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70-0.88) |
Abbreviations: JAGES, the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; ARR, adjusted rate ratio; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living, LTC, long-term care; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.
a
In JAGES, we selected only larger studies (where the baseline survey included more than 10 000 participants) and those published after 2010 for the purpose of our study.