Table 1.

Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.

Author	Year	Country	Study design	Reference standard method	Test technology	Rapid influenza tests	Age stage	Sample type	Sample source	Type of influenza virus	The number of samples	TP	FP	FN	TN
Poehling et al.	2002	The United States	Prospective	Culture+PCR	LFIA	QuickVue	Children (0 to 19 years old)	Nasal swab	Hospital	Influenza A (H3N2)	233	14	5	5	209
Quach et al.	2002	Canada	Prospective	Culture	LFIA	QuickVue	Children	Nasopharyngeal aspirates	Hospital	Influenza A and B virus	300	42	43	11	204
Cazacu et al.	2003	The United States	Prospective	Culture	LFIA	QuickVue	Children (3 months to 28 years)	Nasal wash specimens	Hospital	Influenza A and B virus	356	38	7	16	295
Stripeli et al.	2010	Greece	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	QuickVue	Children (6 months to 14 years old)	Nasal swab	Pediatrician	Influenza A virus (H3N2)	217	27	7	13	170
Patel et al.	2011	Germany	Prospective	RT-PCR	NALFA	The rapidSTRIPE assay	Unclear	Nasal swab	Patient centers	Influenza A (H1N1)	174	92	4	13	65
Kim et al.	2012	Korea	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	RDT kit	Unclear	Nasal swab	Hospital	Influenza A (H1N1)	215	75	4	17	119
Sun et al.	2013	China	Retrospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	IC-SED	Unclear	Nasopharyngeal swab	Hospital	Influenza A (H1N1)	60	51	0	0	9
Ge et al.	2013	China	Prospective	Culture+RT-PCR	NALFA	RT-LAMP-LFD	Unclear	65 pharyngeal swabs, 7 sputa, and 8 tracheal aspirates	Unclear	Influenza A (H7N9)	80	22	0	0	58
Leonardi et al.	2013	The United States	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	QuickVue	Children 12 and under vs. adults	Nasopharyngeal swab	Unclear	Influenza A virus	141	66	2	24	49
Leonardi et al.	2013	The United States	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	QuickVue	Children 12 and under vs. adults	Nasopharyngeal swab	Unclear	Influenza B virus	78	16	1	11	50
Leonardi et al.	2013	The United States	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	Sofia	Children 12 and under vs. adults	Nasopharyngeal swab	Unclear	Influenza A virus	141	72	0	18	51
Leonardi et al.	2013	The United States	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	Sofia	Children 12 and under vs. adults	Nasopharyngeal swab	Unclear	Influenza B virus	78	22	0	5	51
Zazueta-Garcia et al.	2014	Mexico	Retrospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	The Xpect Flu A&B Kit	Children	Nasopharyngeal washes	Hospital	Influenza A (H1N1)	113	34	10	24	45
Sakurai et al.	2015	Japan	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	LFIC-AB	0 to 77 years old	Nasal swab	Unclear	Influenza A	129	74	1	0	54
Sakurai et al.	2015	Japan	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	LFIC-AB	0 to 77 years old	Nasal swab	Unclear	Influenza B	145	90	0	1	54
Sakurai et al.	2015	Japan	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	LFIC-AB	2 to 77 years old	Self-blow nasal discharge specimens	Unclear	Influenza A	125	70	4	0	51
Sakurai et al.	2015	Japan	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	LFIC-AB	2 to 77 years old	Self-blow nasal discharge specimens	Unclear	Influenza B	121	64	6	0	51
Sakurai et al.	2015	Japan	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	LFIC-AB	0 to 45 years old	Nasopharyngeal aspirates	Unclear	Influenza A	142	73	1	2	66
Sakurai et al.	2015	Japan	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	LFIC-AB	0 to 45 years old	Nasopharyngeal aspirates	Unclear	Influenza B	124	56	2	0	66
Ma et al.	2018	China	Prospective	RT-PCR	NALFA	LFD-RPA	Unclear	Swabs and serum	Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)	Influenza A (H7N9)	50	21	0	0	29
Zhang et al.	2019	China	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	HRP-LFIA	Unclear	Nasopharyngeal swab	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)	Influenza A	628	55	2	6	565
Zhang et al.	2019	China	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	HRP-LFIA	Unclear	Nasopharyngeal swab	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)	Influenza B	390	71	0	15	292
Zhang et al.	2019	China	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	HRP-LFIA	Unclear	Oropharyngeal swab	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)	Influenza A	647	45	0	23	579
Zhang et al.	2019	China	Prospective	RT-PCR	LFIA	HRP-LFIA	Unclear	Oropharyngeal swab	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)	Influenza B	705	45	2	32	626