Table 1.
Participant characteristics (n = 1,108).
| Mean (SD) or n (%) | Missing n | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (Year) | 10.37 (0.95) | 46 |
| Gender (male) | 513 (48.3%) | 9 |
| Grade | 15 | |
| Grade 4 | 328 (30.9%) | |
| Grade 5 | 377 (35.5%) | |
| Grade 6 | 343 (32.3%) | |
| Time on smartphone (hours per day) | 1.11 (1.64) | 27 |
| Time on using social media (hours per day) | 0.40 (0.89) | 43 |
| Time on gaming (hours per day) | 0.76 (1.52) | 38 |
| Depression score a | 2.51 (3.61) | 94 |
| Anxiety score a | 3.92 (3.86) | 82 |
| Stress score a | 4.31 (4.10) | 94 |
a
Assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21).