Table 5.
Measurement invariance of the IGDS-SF9, BSMAS, and SABAS across gender (n = 1,099).
| Configural modela | Loadings constrained equala | Loadings and thresholds constrained equala | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BSMAS | |||
| χ2 (df) or Δχ2 (Δdf) | 33.16 (18) | 8.30 (5) | 5.16 (5) |
| p-value | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.015 |
| CFI or ΔCFI | 0.99 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| RMSEA or ΔRMSEA | 0.039 | −0.001 | −0.003 |
| SRMR or ΔSRMR | 0.040 | 0.010 | 0.000 |
| SABAS | |||
| χ2 (df) or Δχ2 (Δdf) | 32.43 (18) | 5.80 (5) | 4.37 (5) |
| p-value | 0.019 | 0.024 | 0.038 |
| CFI or ΔCFI | 1.00 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| RMSEA or ΔRMSEA | 0.038 | −0.003 | −0.004 |
| SRMR or ΔSRMR | 0.030 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| IGDS-SF9 | |||
| χ2 (df) or Δχ2 (Δdf) | 199.61 (54) | 21.15 (8) | 19.24 (8) |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CFI or ΔCFI | 0.98 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| RMSEA or ΔRMSEA | 0.070 | −0.002 | −0.001 |
| SRMR or ΔSRMR | 0.053 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
BSMAS, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale; SABAS, Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale; IGDS-SF9, Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form; CFI, comparative fit index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual; aConfigural models are reported using χ2 (df), CFI, RMSEA, and SRMR; other models are reported using Δχ2 (Δdf), ΔCFI, ΔRMSEA, and ΔSRMR.