Table 1.
Clinical and imaging characteristics of the patients included.
| Characteristics | All TTE/TEE patients (n = 56) | According to treatment change | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TTE/TEE patients with treatment change induced by the TTE N = 9 (16%) | TTE/TEE patients without treatment change induced by the TTE N = 47 (84%) | |||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 66 (60.5–74) | 64 (59–74) | 67 (62–74) | 0.78 |
| Female, N(%) | 18 (32.1) | 3 (33.3) | 15 (31.9) | 0.93 |
| COVID-19 diagnosis, N(%) [1] positive nasopharyngeal swab [2] typical chest CT scan [3] atypical pneumonia on CT scan |
[1]: 4 (7.1) [1 + 2]: 25 (44.6) [2]: 22 (39.3) [3]: 5 (8.9) |
[1]: 0 [1 + 2]: 5 (55.6) [2]: 3 (33.3) [3]: 1 (11.1) |
[1]: 4 (8.5) [1 + 2]: 20 (42.6) [2]: 19 (40.4) [3]: 4 (8.5) |
0.75 |
| Inaugural symptoms$, N(%) | Neuro.: 16 (28.6) Resp.: 35 (62.5) Viral: 3 (5.3) COVID typical: 2 (3.6) |
Neuro.: 2 (22.2) Resp.: 6 (66.7) Viral: 1 (11.1) COVID typical: 0 |
Neuro.: 14 (29.8) Resp.: 29 (61.7) Viral: 2 (4.3) COVID typical: 2 (4.3) |
0.75 |
| Symptoms' severity, N(%) [1] no need for oxygen [2] need for oxygen therapy [3] intubated |
[1]: 9 (16.1) [2]: 14 (25) [3]: 33 (58.9) |
[1]: 0 [2]: 3 (33.3) 3 : 6 (66.7) |
[1]: 9 (19.1) [2]: 11 (23.4) [2]: 27 (57.5) |
0.35 |
| Body area, median (IQR), m2 | 1.895 (1.83–1.97) | 1.92 (1.83–2.06) | 1.89 (1.83–1.97) | 0.35 |
| BMI, median (IQR), Kg/m2 | 28.7 (25.30–30.15) | 29.6 (29.1–31.3) | 28.1 (24.8–29.8) | 0.08 |
| Diabetes, N(%) | 24 (43.6) | 3 (33.3) | 21 (45.7) | 0.50 |
| Hypertension, N(%) | 35 (63.6) | 7 (77.8) | 18 (60.9) | 0.34 |
| Smoking, N(%) | 4 (7.7%) | 0 | 4 (8.9) | 0.41 |
| Alcohol, N(%) | 4 (7.8) | 0 | 4 (9.1) | 0.41 |
| Known cardiovascular disease, N(%) | 16 (28.6) | 2 (22.2) | 14 (29.8) | 0.65 |
| Evolution#, N(%) 1 discharge (home or rehabilitation) 2 deceased 3 still in hospital at the time of writing |
1 : 20 (35.7) 2 : 5 (8.9) 3 : 31 (55.4) |
1 : 1 (11.1) 2 : 1 (11.1) 3 : 7 (77.8) |
1 : 19 (40.4) 2 : 4 (8.5) 3 : 24 (51.1) |
0.24 |
| Patients with TTE/TEE, N(%) | TTE: 50 (87.5) TTE + TEE: 5 (10.7) TEE: 1 (1.8) |
TTE: 7 (77.8) TTE + TEE: 2 (22.2) TEE: 0 |
TTE: 42 (89.4) TTE + TEE: 4 (8.5) TEE: 1 (2.1) |
0.44 |
| Indications for TTE/TEE, N(%) 1 pulmonary embolism: suspicion or evaluation/pulmonary pressures 2 left ventricular filling pressures 3 troponin T hs elevation 4 exclude infectious endocarditis 5 left ventricular systolic function/hemodynamic 6 ischemic stroke: seek cardiac source of embolism 7 other (valvular prosthesis, renal embolism, etc.) |
1 : 9 (16.1) 1 + 2+5 : 6 (10.7) 1 + 4+6 : 1 (1.8) 1 + 5+6 : 1 (1.8) 2 : 6 (10.7) 1 + 2+5 + 7 : 1 (1.8) 3 : 2 (3.6) 4 : 4 (7.14) 5 : 11 (19.6) 1 + 5 : 2 (3.6) 6 : 8 (14.3) 6 + 7 : 1 (1.8) 7 : 4 (7.14) |
1 : 0 1 + 2+5: (11.1) 1 + 4+6 : 0 1 + 5+6 : 1 (11.1) 2 : 3 (33.3) 1 + 2+5 + 7 : 0 3 : 1 (11.1) 4 : 0 5 : 2 (22.2) 1 + 5 : 0 6 : 1 (11.1) 6 + 7 : 0 7 : 0 |
1 : 9 (19.15) 1 + 2+5 : 5 (10.6) 1 + 4+6 : 1 (2.1) 1 + 5+6 : 0 2 : 3 (6.4) 1 + 2+5 + 7 : 1 (2.1) 3 : 1 (2.1) 4 : 4 (8.5) 5 : 9 (19.15) 1 + 5 : 2 (4.3) 6 : 7 (14.9) 6 + 7 : 1 (2.1) 7 : 4 (8.5) |
0.18 |
| CT/TEE documented PE, N(%) | Yes: 10 (17.9) No: 16 (28.6) Not assessed: 30 (53.5) |
Yes: 2 (22.2) No: 3 (33.3) Not assessed: 4 (44.4) |
Yes: 8 (17.0) No: 13 (27.7) Not assessed: 26 (55.3) |
0.83 |
| LVEF∗∗ on TTE | >50%: 51 (91.1) 40–50%: 5 (8.9) |
>50%: 8 (88.9) 40–50%: 1 (11.1) |
>50%: 43 (91.5) 40–50%: 4 (8.5) |
NS |
| LVEF on TTE, median (IQR), (%) | 62 (60–70) | 64 (52–76) | 62 (60–70) | 0.90 |
| E/A (transmitral flow), median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.7–1) | 0.75 (0.6–1.0) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 0.50 |
| E/Ea on TTE, median (IQR) | 8.8 (6.5–11.8) | 8.5 (6.7–10.4) | 8.9 (6.5–11.8) | 0.83 |
| Systolic PAP, median (IQR), mmHg | 38 (31–43) | 40 (38–55) | 36 (30–43) | 0.0549 |
| Pericardial effusion, N(%) | 2 (3.6) | 0 | 2 (4.3) | 0.53 |
| Cardiac thrombus (TTE or TEE), N(%) | 3 (5.4) | 3 (33.3) | 0 | ≤0.001 |
IQR: interquartile range; y: years, CT: computed tomography; PE: pulmonary embolism; PAPs: echocardiographic systolic pulmonary arterial pressure. $Inaugural symptoms: Neuro.: neurological; Resp.: respiratory; Viral: nonspecific viral syndrome; COVID: typical signs and symptoms of COVID-19. #Evolution: 1 discharge (to home or rehabilitation); 2 deceased; 3 still in hospital on 17/04/2020 (at the date of writing this manuscript). ∗∗None of the patients had LVEF <40% in this study.