Table 1. Baseline Characteristics.
| Characteristica | Mean (SD)b | |
|---|---|---|
| Mother (n = 2583) | Father (n = 1788) | |
| Age, y | 31.1 (4.7) | 33.5 (5.3) |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | ||
| Dutch | 1617 (62.6) | 1239 (69.3) |
| Other Westernc | 240 (9.3) | 104 (5.8) |
| Non-Westernd | 726 (28.1) | 445 (24.9) |
| Education level, No. (%) | ||
| High | 1353 (52.4) | 1008 (56.4) |
| Middle | 746 (28.9) | 490 (27.4) |
| Low | 483 (18.7) | 290 (16.2) |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy, No. (%) | ||
| No consumption during pregnancy | 966 (37.4) | NA |
| Until pregnancy recognized | 356 (13.8) | NA |
| Continued | ||
| Occasionally | 992 (38.4) | NA |
| Frequently | 269 (10.4) | NA |
| Smoking during pregnancy, No. (%) | ||
| No smoking during pregnancy | 2061 (79.8) | NA |
| Until pregnancy recognized | 323 (12.5) | NA |
| Continued during pregnancy | 196 (7.6) | NA |
| Parental psychopathology scoree | 0.26 (0.3) | 0.13 (0.2) |
| Marital status, prenatal, yes, No. (%) | 2340 (90.6) | NA |
| Child age at the MRI scan, y | 10.1 (0.6) | NA |
| Child sex, No. (%) | ||
| Girls | 1315 (50.9) | NA |
| Boys | 1268 (49.1) | NA |
| Harsh parenting scoref | 1.73 (1.57) | 1.74 (1.57) |
| Poor family functioning (FAD score)g | ||
| Prenatal | 1.48 (0.4) | 1.49 (0.4) |
| At age 5 y | 1.50 (0.4) | NA |
| At age 9 y | 1.51 (0.4) | 1.48 (0.4) |
| CBCL total problems score at age 10 yh | 17.2 (15.0) | 17.3 (14.9) |
Abbreviations: CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; FAD, Family Assessment Device; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NA, not applicable.
Numbers denote children included in 1 or more analyses.
Values are expressed as mean (SD) for continuous measures and frequencies for categorical measures.
The other Western categories include European, American Western (including North American), Asian Western (including Indonesian and Japanese), and Oceanian.
The non-Western categories include Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese, Antillean, Cape Verdean, African Asian (except Indonesia and Japan), South American, and Central American.
Mean (SD) was used to calculate parental psychopathology score, ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely), with higher scores indicating more psychiatric and psychosomatic symptoms.
Mean (SD) was used to calculate harsh parenting score, ranging from 0 (not at all) to 12 (higher severity of harsh discipline), with higher scores indicating higher severity of harsh parental discipline.
Mean (SD) was used to calculate FAD score, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (poor family functioning), with higher scores indicating poor family functioning.
Mean (SD) was used to calculate the CBCL total problem score, ranging from 0 (not true) to 1 (somewhat or sometimes true) or 2 (very true or often true), with higher scores indicating more emotional and behavioral problems.