Table 1.
Physiological Parameters (Body Weight, Body Weight Gain from Day 0 to Day 35, Food Intake, Water Intake, Urinary Volume) of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Before (Day 0) and After (Day 35) Treatments with Yoghurt Enriched with Lycopene, Alone or in Combination with Metformin
| Groups | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physiological Parameters | NYOG | DYOG | DINS | DMET | DLYC | DML | ||||||
| Day 0 | Day 35 | Day 0 | Day 35 | Day 0 | Day 35 | Day 0 | Day 35 | Day 0 | Day 35 | Day 0 | Day 35 | |
| Body weight (g) |
164 ± 3.4 | 301 ± 8.3# | 175 ± 3.5 | 236 ± 10.2a,# | 169 ± 2.7 | 306 ± 4.8b,# | 173 ± 3.3 | 241 ± 9.3a,c,# | 171 ± 3.9 | 240 ± 9.5a,c,# | 171 ± 3.3 | 270 ± 8.1a,b,c,d,e,# |
| Body weight gain (g) |
137 ± 6.7 | 61 ± 9.7a | 136 ± 5.1b | 69 ± 7.6a,c | 67 ± 7.2a,c | 99 ± 7.1a,b,c,d,e | ||||||
| Food intake (g/24h) |
21 ± 0.6 | 25 ± 1.1# | 28 ± 1.3a | 40 ± 3.4a,# | 28 ± 1.3a | 25 ± 1.6b | 27 ± 2.4a | 25 ± 4.5b | 28 ± 1.3a | 26 ± 3.3b | 26 ± 0.8a | 26 ± 3.3b |
| Water intake (mL/24h) |
38 ± 1.7 | 31 ± 4.0 | 108 ± 6.1a | 163 ± 19.8a,# | 102 ± 12.7a | 45 ± 19.2b,# | 106 ± 16.5a | 158 ± 23.4a,# | 106 ± 16.5a | 72 ± 21.2a,b | 110 ± 14.1a | 49 ± 18.2b,d,# |
| Urinary volume (mL/24h) |
8 ± 0.7 | 9 ± 0.7 | 74 ± 8.3a | 131 ± 16.6a,# | 75 ± 13.2a | 40 ± 22.0a,b | 74 ± 15.9a | 125 ± 27.4a,# | 77 ± 10.0a | 63 ± 16.8a,b | 76 ± 9.1a | 40 ± 19.4b,d |
Notes: Values are expressed in terms of mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), n = 10. Differences between groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p < 0.05). a Differences to NYOG; bDifferences to DYOG; cDifferences to DINS; dDifferences to DMET; eDifferences to DLYC. Differences compared in the same group relative to day 0 were analyzed using the paired Student’s t-test (p < 0.05): #differences with day 0.
Abbreviations: NYOG, normal rats treated with yoghurt; DYOG, diabetic rats treated with yoghurt; DINS, diabetic rats treated with 4U/day insulin; DMET, diabetic rats treated with 250 mg/kg metformin in yoghurt; DLYC, diabetic rats treated with 45 mg/kg lycopene in yoghurt; DML, diabetic rats treated with 250 mg/kg metformin + 45 mg/kg lycopene in yoghurt.