Table 3.

Comparisons of the concentrations of TMAO and its precursors in the plasma between the ALS patients, their spouses and healthy controls.

Metabolites, μmol/L [Median (IQR)]	Participants			p
	Patients	Spouses	Controls
Carnitine	46.73 (15.16)	38.80 (9.30)	44.37 (10.84)	< 0.0005
Choline	5.03 (2.26)	4.74 (1.76)	5.57 (2.51)	0.053
Betaine	40.43 (14.47)	40.23 (16.23)	35.82 (11.12)	0.002
Butyrobetaine	0.79 (0.52)	0.73 (0.47)	1.52 (0.83)	< 0.0005
TMAO	1.39 (1.51)	1.05 (0.82)	2.29 (2.09)	< 0.0005

ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, TMAO trimethylamine N-oxide.