Figure 1.

The variable appearance of dual tracheoesophageal fistulae (A, C, D, E) and a single H‐type fistula (B) displayed on flexible bronchoscopy as a subtle mucosal dimple, mucosal discoloration, an area of mucosal prominence, or within a mucosal groove (solid arrows). Four patients had previous intrathoracic fistulae repaired (A, C, D, E) and the residual pouch explored for fistula recurrence (dashed arrows). Three patients had dual fistulae with a second extrathoracic fistula found on flexible bronchoscopy (A*, C*, D*). One had dual intrathoracic fistulae (E) with the second fistula diagnosed and localized with flexible bronchoscopy (E*). Guide wire fistula cannulation was performed from the tracheal side under direct visualization with flexible bronchoscopy (A*, C*, D*, E*). One patient had a fistula large enough to pass a flexible bronchoscope through the fistula to visualize the guide wire running alongside a nasogastric tube in the esophagus (B^*)