Table 2.
Individual study characteristics
| Reference | Participants | Target behaviour(s) | Data collection method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary care | |||
| Alageel, S., M.C. Gulliford, L. McDermott, and A.J. Wright, Implementing multiple health behaviour change interventions for cardiovascular risk reduction in primary care: a qualitative study. BMC family practice. 2018;19:(1): 171 [17]. | 30 Primary care HCPs |
Invite Deliver Refer Patient behaviour change |
Qualitative face to face interview |
| Baker, C., E.A. Loughren, D. Crone, and N. Kallfa, Patients’ perceptions of a NHS Health Check in the primary care setting. Quality in Primary Care. 2014;22:(5): 232–7 [18]. | 1011 patients who had attended an NHS Health Check |
Attend Deliver Patient behaviour change |
Postal survey gathering qualitative and quantitative data |
| Boase, S., D. Mason, S. Sutton, and S. Cohn, Tinkering and tailoring individual consultations: how practice nurses try to make cardiovascular risk communication meaningful. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2012;21:(17–18): 2590–8 [19]. | 28 nurses | Deliver | Focus groups and interviews |
| Chatterjee, R., T. Chapman, M.G. Brannan, and J. Varney, GPs’ knowledge, use, and confidence in national physical activity and health guidelines and tools: a questionnaire-based survey of general practice in England. British Journal of General Practice. 2017;67:(663): e668-e675 [20]. | 1013 GPs | Deliver | Online quantitative survey |
| Cook, E.J., C. Sharp, G. Randhawa, A. Guppy, R. Gangotra, and J. Cox, Who uses NHS health checks? Investigating the impact of ethnicity and gender and method of invitation on uptake of NHS health checks. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2016;15:(13) [21] | 50,485 patients invited for NHS Health Checks | Attend | Data extracted from routinely collected data on NHS Health Checks |
| Dalton, A.R., A. Bottle, C. Okoro, A. Majeed, and C. Millett, Uptake of the NHS Health Checks programme in a deprived, culturally diverse setting: cross-sectional study. Journal of Public Health. 2011;33:(3): 422–9 [22]. | 57,240 patients invited for NHS Health Checks | Behaviour only | Data extracted from routinely collected data on NHS Health Checks |
| Ellis, N., C. Gidlow, L. Cowap, J. Randall, Z. Iqbal, and J. Kumar, A qualitative investigation of non-response in NHS health checks. Archives of Public Health. 2015;73:(1): 14 [23]. | 41 NHS Health Check non-attenders | Attend | Interviews |
| Greaves C, Gillison F, Stathi A, Bennett P, Reddy P, Dunbar J, et al. Waste the waist: a pilot randomised controlled trial of a primary care based intervention to support lifestyle change in people with high cardiovascular risk. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity. 2015;12:1 [24]. | 54 patients | Behaviour only | Patient records |
| Honey, S., L.D. Bryant, J. Murray, K. Hill, and A. House, Differences in the perceived role of the healthcare provider in delivering vascular health checks: a Q methodology study. BMC Family Practice. 2013;14:(172) [25]. | 52 primary HCPs | Deliver Patient behaviour change | Q sort task” participants rank a set of predefined attitudinal statements. The sorting patterns of the participants are analysed using by-person correlation and factor analytic techniques to identify distinct ‘clusters of likemindedness’ |
| Honey, S., K. Hill, J. Murray, C. Craigs, and A. House, Patients’ responses to the communication of vascular risk in primary care: a qualitative study. Primary Health Care Research & Development. 2015;16:(1): 61–70 [26]. | 37 patients at increased risk of CVD |
Attend Deliver Patient behaviour change |
Qualitative interview |
| Ismail, H. and K. Atkin, The NHS Health Check programme: insights from a qualitative study of patients. Health Expectations. 2016;19:(2): 345–55 [27]. | 45 patients 12 month-post NHS Health Check |
Attend Deliver Patient behaviour change |
Qualitative interview |
| Ismail, H. and S. Kelly, Lessons learned from England’s Health Checks Programme: using qualitative research to identify and share best practice. BMC Family Practice. 2015;16:(144) [28]. | 58 staff involved all levels of the delivery of NHS Health Checks |
Invite Attend Deliver Patient behaviour change |
Qualitative interview |
| Jenkinson, C.E., A. Asprey, C.E. Clark, and S.H. Richards, Patients’ willingness to attend the NHS cardiovascular health checks in primary care: a qualitative interview study. BMC Family Practice. 2015;16:(33) [29]. | 17 attendees and 10 non-attendees. |
Attend Patient behaviour change Attend repeat |
Qualitative interview |
| Kirby, M. and I. Machen, Impact on clinical practice of the Joint British Societies’ cardiovascular risk assessment tools. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2009;63:(12): 1683–92 [30]. | 825 GPs |
Deliver Patient behaviour change |
Online survey |
| Krska, J., R. du Plessis, and H. Chellaswamy, Implementation of NHS Health Checks in general practice: variation in delivery between practices and practitioners. Primary Health Care Research & Development. 2016;17:(4): 385–92 [31]. | 2892 patients |
Deliver Record |
Patient electronic records |
| Krska, J., R. du Plessis, and H. Chellaswamy, Views of practice managers and general practitioners on implementing NHS Health Checks. Primary Health Care Research & Development. 2016;17:(2): 198–205 [32]. | 43 GPs and 40 practice managers |
Invite Attend Deliver |
Postal survey |
| McDermott, L., A.J. Wright, V. Cornelius, C. Burgess, A.S. Forster, M. Ashworth, et al., Enhanced invitation methods and uptake of health checks in primary care: randomised controlled trial and cohort study using electronic health records. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 2016;20:(84): 1–92 [33]. | 12,052 patients invited for NHS Health Check | Influences on behaviour not reported | Routinely collected data |
| McNaughton, R.J. and J. Shucksmith, Reasons for (non)compliance with intervention following identification of ‘high-risk’ status in the NHS Health Check programme. Journal of Public Health. 2015;37:(2): 218–25 [34]. | 29 patients who had undergone NHS Health Check and identified as having increased CVD risk | Patient behaviour change | Interview |
| Murray, K.A., D.J. Murphy, S.J. Clements, A. Brown, and S.B. Connolly, Comparison of uptake and predictors of adherence in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in a community-based cardiovascular prevention programme (MyAction Westminster). Journal of Public Health. 2014;36:(4): 644–50 [35]. | 483 patients identified at high risk CVD in an NHS Health Check and were referred to a CVD prevention programme | Attend referral |
Uptake rate was defined as attendance at the initial assessment; hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed with the EuroQol Group 5-Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire score and the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale of current health status (EQVAS); Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire. |
| Riley, R., N. Coghill, A. Montgomery, G. Feder, and J. Horwood, Experiences of patients and healthcare professionals of NHS cardiovascular health checks: a qualitative study. Journal of Public Health. 2016;38:(3): 543–551 [36]. | 28 patients and 16 HCPs |
Attend Deliver Patient behaviour change |
Interviews |
| Riley, V.A., C. Gidlow, and N.J. Ellis, Uptake of NHS health check: issues in monitoring. Primary Health Care Research & Development. 2018;1–4 [37]. | 15 commissioners | Record | Interviews |
| Robson, J., I. Dostal, V. Madurasinghe, A. Sheikh, S. Hull, K. Boomla, et al., NHS Health Check comorbidity and management: an observational matched study in primary care.[Erratum appears in Br J Gen Pract. 2017 Mar;67(656):112; PMID: 28232346]. British Journal of General Practice. 2017;67:(655): e86-e93 [38]. | 252,259 patients invited for NHS Health Checks in 3 CCGs in East London | Only non-modifiable influences on behaviour reported | Routinely collected data |
| Burgess, C., A.J. Wright, A.S. Forster, H. Dodhia, J. Miller, F. Fuller, et al., Influences on individuals’ decisions to take up the offer of a health check: a qualitative study. Health Expectations. 2015;18:(6): 2437–2448 [39]. | 27 patients invited for NHS Health Check | Attend | Interview |
| Chipchase, L., J. Waterall, and P. Hill, Understanding how the NHS Health Check works in practice. Practice Nursing. 2013;24:(1): 24–29 [40]. | 10 patients who had undergone NHS Health Checks |
Attend Patient behaviour change |
Interview |
| Shaw, R.L., H. Lowe, C. Holland, H. Pattison, and R. Cooke, GPs’ perspectives on managing the NHS Health Check in primary care: a qualitative evaluation of implementation in one area of England. BMJ Open. 2016;6:(7): e010951 [41]. | 9 GPs |
Deliver Refer |
Interview |
| Shaw, R.L., H.M. Pattison, C. Holland, and R. Cooke, Be SMART: examining the experience of implementing the NHS Health Check in UK primary care. BMC Family Practice. 2015;16:(1) [42]. | 23 Patients and 31 HCPs |
Deliver Patient behaviour change |
Interview |
| Attwood, S., K. Morton, and S. Sutton, Exploring equity in uptake of the NHS Health Check and a nested physical activity intervention trial. Journal of Public Health. 2016;38:(3): 560–568 [43]. | 1165 patients invited for NHS Health Check | Behaviour only | Routinely collected data |
| Artac, M., A.R.H. Dalton, H. Babu, S. Bates, C. Millett, and A. Majeed, Primary care and population factors associated with NHS Health Check coverage: a national cross-sectional study. Journal of Public Health. 2013;35:(3): 431–439 [44]. | 40,112 patients invited for NHS Health Check | Behaviour only | Electronic medical records of general practices in Hammersmith and Fulham, London |
| Primary and community care | |||
| Usher-Smith, J.A., E. Harte, C. MacLure, A. Martin, C.L. Saunders, C. Meads, et al., Patient experience of NHS health checks: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis. BMJ Open. 2017;7:(8): e017169 [45]. |
20 studies reporting Patient experience of NHS health checks (3497 participants, number of participants not reported for 1 study)” |
Attend Deliver Patient behaviour change |
Secondary data synthesis |
| Mills, K., E. Harte, A. Martin, C. MacLure, S.J. Griffin, J. Mant, et al., Views of commissioners, managers and healthcare professionals on the NHS Health Check programme: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2017;7:(11): e018606 [46]. | 15 papers reporting views of Commissioners, managers and HCPs (870 participants) |
Attend Deliver Refer |
Secondary data synthesis |
| Community care | |||
| Mason, A., D. Liu, L. Marks, H. Davis, D. Hunter, L.M. Jehu, et al., Local authority commissioning of NHS Health Checks: A regression analysis of the first 3 years. Health Policy. 2018;122:(9): 1035–1042 [47]. | HPCs and > 8,000,000 patients | Invite | Routinely collected national data |
| McNaughton, R.J., N.T. Oswald, J.S. Shucksmith, P.J. Heywood, and P.S. Watson, Making a success of providing NHS Health Checks in community pharmacies across the Tees Valley: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research. 2011;11:(222) [48]. | 20 (10 in primary care including DPH, project manager, clinical lead, public health nurses, pharmacy advisor, community services manager, a professional executive committee member and IT database developer; 8 pharmacists, two Local Pharmaceutical Committee representatives) |
Attend Deliver |
Interviews |
| Penn, L., A. Rodrigues, A. Haste, M.M. Marques, K. Budig, K. Sainsbury, et al., NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme in England: formative evaluation of the programme in early phase implementation. BMJ Open. 2018;8:(2): e019467 [49]. | 20 patients referred to NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme following NHS Health Check | Patient behaviour change | Interviews and focus groups |
| Perry, C., M. Thurston, S. Alford, J. Cushing, and L. Panter, The NHS health check programme in England: a qualitative study. Health Promotion International. 2016;31:(1): 106–15 [50]. | 36 patients undergoing NHS Health Checks |
Attend Deliver Patient behaviour change |
Interviews and focus groups |
| Roberts, D.J. and V.C. de Souza, A venue-based analysis of the reach of a targeted outreach service to deliver opportunistic community NHS Health Checks to ‘hard-to-reach’ groups. Public Health. 2016;137:(176–81) [51]. | 3849 patients who underwent opportunistic outreach NHS Health Checks | Behaviour only | Routinely collected data for an outreach service in Buckinghamshire. |
| Taylor, J., J. Krska, and A. Mackridge, A community pharmacy-based cardiovascular screening service: views of service users and the public. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2012;20:(5): 277–84 [52]. | 259 patients who had undergone NHS Health Check, and 261 non-service users | Attend | Questionnaire |
| Visram, S., S.M. Carr, and L. Geddes, Can lay health trainers increase uptake of NHS Health Checks in hard-to-reach populations? A mixed-method pilot evaluation. Journal of Public Health. 2015;37:(2): 226–33 [53]. | 181 patients | Attend | Questionnaire |
* Reported data on behaviour only (not influences on behaviour)