Table 3:
Comparison of policy elements implemented (in mean percentages ± sd) at posttest by experimental condition (completer analysis)
| Implementation Measure |
Control | Intervention | Test Statistic (t) |
p | Cohen’s d |
Control | Intervention | Test Statistic (F) |
p | Cohen’s d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Imputation School Principals (n=118 in each imputation (n=60 Control and n=58 Intervention), 5 imputations)1 |
Completer Analysis School Principals (n=108 (n=55 Control and n=53 Intervention))1 |
|||||||||
| UV index is monitored and outdoor activities are modified with regard to risk of harm associated with the index level | 36.9% ± 9.4% | 40.4% ± 9.1% | −0.33 | .74 | .06 | 36.2% ± 9.2% | 38.8% ± 8.9% | 0.06 | .81 | .04 |
| Students wear sun-protective clothing (shirts with sleeves; long pants) and sunglasses | 22.7% ± 7.7% | 45.5% ± 8.5% | −2.11 | .04 | .46 | 22.2% ± 7.0% | 46.4% ± 8.8% | 5.40 | .02 | .48 |
| Students wear hats when outdoors. | 48.7% ± 10.4% | 61.3% ± 9.5% | −1.07 | .29 | .21 | 47.2% ± 9.9% | 61.6% ± 9.4% | 1.46 | .23 | .23 |
| Students wear sunscreen when outdoors. | 24.3% ± 9.2% | 33.1% ± 10.4% | −0.79 | .43 | .14 | 24.7% ± 9.2% | 33.3% ± 10.7% | 0.59 | .44 | .13 |
| Construction of new schools or renovation of existing schools or school grounds include plans that increase shade on school grounds. | 39.3% ± 9.4% | 29.3% ± 8.4% | 0.95 | .34 | −.16 | 39.6% ± 9.4% | 28.8% ± 8.3% | 1.02 | .32 | −.18 |
| Educational objectives related to the health risks of sun exposure are taught in the classroom. | 8.7% ± 5.5% | 61.2% ± 12.7% | −3.88 | <.001 | .89 | 7.2% ± 4.6% | 63.3% ± 12.9% | 19.32 | <.0001 | .97 |
| In-service staff training and continuing education regarding sun safety is delivered to teachers. | 14.8% ± 6.2% | 40.9% ± 9.7% | −2.54 | .01 | .54 | 14.0% ± 5.8% | 40.5% ± 9.5% | 7.63 | <.01 | .56 |
| School communicates the district’s sun safety measures with parents and requests parent provision of sun safety resources, such as sunscreen and sun protective clothing for their child. | 29.3% ± 9.7% | 63.4% ± 10.3% | −2.79 | <.01 | .56 | 27.6% ± 9.6% | 66.0% ± 10.7% | 9.86 | <.01 | .62 |
| School provides sun protection resources, such as sunscreen or UV-protective clothing. | 1.5% ± 1.9% | 9.4% ± 5.6% | −1.63 | .10 | .32 | 1.3% ± 1.5% | 10.5% ± 6.5% | 3.43 | .07 | .37 |
| Staff is encouraged to model recommended sun-safe behaviors. | 41.4% ± 10.3% | 55.7% ± 9.7% | −1.17 | .25 | .25 | 39.3% ± 9.9% | 57.8% ± 10.0% | 2.52 | .12 | .30 |
| Multiple Imputation Teachers (n=114 in each imputation (n=58 Control and n=56 Intervention), 5 imputations)1 |
Completer Analysis Teachers (n=97 (n=48 Control and n=49 Intervention))1 |
|||||||||
| UV index is monitored and outdoor activities are modified with regard to risk of harm associated with the index level | 17.3% ± 13.1% | 24.8% ± 14.9% | −0.92 | .36 | .19 | 13.8% ± 11.0% | 23.9% ± 15.9% | 1.75 | .19 | .25 |
| Students wear sun-protective clothing (shirts with sleeves; long pants) and sunglasses | 11.4% ± 8.7% | 17.1% ± 11.1% | −0.89 | .38 | .18 | 8.4% ± 7.1% | 15.0% ± 11.1% | 1.33 | .26 | .23 |
| Students wear hats when outdoors. | 17.7% ± 15.8% | 23.4% ± 18.7% | −0.78 | .44 | .15 | 14.7% ± 16.0% | 21.4% ± 21.0% | 0.89 | .35 | .19 |
| Students wear sunscreen when outdoors. | 10.3% ± 7.8% | 7.4% ± 5.7% | 0.68 | .50 | −.10 | 8.8% ± 7.4% | 6.2% ± 5.2% | 0.42 | .52 | −.11 |
| Construction of new schools or renovation of existing schools or school grounds include plans that increase shade on school grounds. | 10.3% ± 7.6% | 16.4% ± 10.6% | −1.07 | .28 | .20 | 9.0% ± 7.5% | 15.6% ± 11.4% | 1.39 | .24 | .23 |
| Educational objectives related to the health risks of sun exposure are taught in the classroom. | 9.5% ± 10.2% | 12.2% ± 12.3% | −0.47 | .64 | .09 | 7.9% ± 9.7% | 10.8% ± 12.4% | 0.28 | .60 | .11 |
| In-service staff training and continuing education regarding sun safety is delivered to teachers. | 3.8% ± 4.8% | 15.2% ± 13.7% | −2.27 | .02 | .53 | 1.6% ± 2.4% | 11.9% ± 13.8% | 6.26 | .02 | .69 |
| School communicates the district’s sun safety measures with parents and requests parent provision of sun safety resources, such as sunscreen and sun protective clothing for their child. | 11.9% ± 11.4% | 20.7% ± 15.0% | −1.21 | .23 | .26 | 9.5% ± 7.7% | 19.7% ± 13.3% | 2.28 | .14 | .32 |
| School provides sun protection resources, such as sunscreen or UV-protective clothing. | 2.8% ± 3.8% | 7.7% ± 8.5% | −1.20 | .23 | .36 | 0.1% ± 0.4% | 2.7% ± 8.9% | 2.26 | .14 | .43 |
| Staff is encouraged to model recommended sun-safe behaviors. | 33.9% ± 22.0% | 59.6% ± 19.7% | −2.08 | .04 | .47 | 33.1% ± 19.6% | 67.6% ± 18.4% | 7.24 | <.01 | .60 |
| Multiple Imputation Principals & Teachers Combined (n=232 in each imputation (n=118 Control and n=114 Intervention), 5 imputations)1 |
Completer Analysis Principals & Teachers Combined (n=205 (n=103 Control and n=102 Intervention))1 |
|||||||||
| UV index is monitored and outdoor activities are modified with regard to risk of harm associated with the index level | 21.4% ± 12.6% | 27.1% ± 14.1% | −.92 | .36 | .14 | 20.9% ± 13.2% | 27.7% ± 15.7% | 1.20 | .28 | .16 |
| Students wear sun-protective clothing (shirts with sleeves; long pants) and sunglasses | 13.2% ± 10.5% | 24.8% ± 16.3% | −2.08 | .04 | .33 | 11.5% ± 8.2% | 24.1% ± 14.3% | 6.01 | .02 | .38 |
| Students wear hats when outdoors. | 24.5% ± 14.1% | 32.1% ± 16.5% | −1.29 | .20 | .18 | 22.9% ± 13.8% | 31.8% ± 16.7% | 2.12 | .15 | .22 |
| Students wear sunscreen when outdoors. | 13.3% ± 8.4% | 14.7% ± 9.1% | −.33 | .74 | .03 | 11.7% ± 8.4% | 12.6% ± 8.7% | 0.05 | .83 | .03 |
| Construction of new schools or renovation of existing schools or school grounds include plans that increase shade on school grounds. | 17.4% ± 10.2% | 18.6% ± 10.6% | −.25 | .80 | .03 | 16.7% ± 11.2% | 17.6% ± 11.4% | 0.03 | .87 | .02 |
| Educational objectives related to the health risks of sun exposure are taught in the classroom. | 8.7% ± 6.4% | 24.8% ± 14.2% | −3.26 | <.01 | .50 | 7.6% ± 8.8% | 24.2% ± 22.4% | 12.50 | <.001 | .55 |
| In-service staff training and continuing education regarding sun safety is delivered to teachers. | 6.4% ± 4.7% | 20.4% ± 11.6% | −3.23 | <.01 | .52 | 4.6% ± 3.7% | 18.2% ± 11.9% | 13.73 | <.001 | .58 |
| School communicates the district’s sun safety measures with parents and requests parent provision of sun safety resources, such as sunscreen and sun protective clothing for their child. | 13.6% ± 8.8% | 30.2% ± 15.0% | −2.85 | <.01 | .44 | 11.2% ± 12.3% | 28.3% ± 24.7% | 11.11 | <.01 | .51 |
| School provides sun protection resources, such as sunscreen or UV-protective clothing. | 1.6% ± 2.4% | 6.1% ± 8.7% | −2.01 | <.05 | .37 | 0.7% ± 1.0% | 5.3% ± 6.3% | 10.33 | <.01 | .42 |
| Staff is encouraged to model recommended sun-safe behaviors. | 44.0% ± 20.1% | 61.3% ± 17.5% | −2.19 | .03 | .34 | 47.1% ± 19.9% | 68.3% ± 16.9% | 6.65 | .01 | .41 |
1
Comparison was adjusted for whether respondent was assessed at pretest and posttest or was new in position at posttest, respondent phenotypic index, total number of students enrolled in school, percent of students in Free or Reduced Price Meals program, and percent of White not Hispanic students at school. Sample size is slightly reduced when covariates are added in the models.