Table 2.
Empirical Papers Using Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Methods that Reported Effects in the Fornix
| Authors | Year | Method (white matter indices) | Episodic memory assessment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy adults | |||
| Antonenko et al. | 2016 | Voxelwise ROI-based (FA, MD) | Visuospatial recall* |
| Charlton et al. | 2013 | TBSS (FA, MD) | Verbal recall |
| Doxey and Kirwan | 2015 | TBSS (FA) | Verbal recognition |
| Foster et al. | 2019 | Tractography (FA, MD) | Verbal and visual item and associative* recall |
| Gunbey et al. | 2014 | Tractography (FA, ADC) | — |
| Henson et al. | 2016 | Voxelwise ROI-based (FA) | Visual recall and recognition* |
| Hodgetts et al. | 2017 | Tractography (FA, MD) | Verbal recall * |
| Hodgetts et al. | 2020 | Tractography (FA, MD) | Spatial navigation* |
| Jang et al. | 2011 | Tractography (FA, ADC) | — |
| Kantarci et al. | 2011 | Voxelwise ROI-based (FA, MD) | Visual and verbal recall |
| Lebel et al. | 2012 | Tractography (FA, MD) | — |
| Lebel et al. | 2008 | Tractography (FA, MD) | — |
| Ly et al. | 2016 | Voxelwise ROI-based | Visual recognition* |
| Metzler-Baddeley et al. | 2011 | Tractography (FA, MD) | Verbal and visual recall, recognition* |
| Pelletier et al. | 2013 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Rabin et al. | 2019 | Tractography (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | Verbal recall* |
| Reynolds et al. | 2019 | Tractography (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | — |
| Rudebeck et al. | 2009 | TBSS (FA) | Verbal and visual recognition* |
| Sboto-Frankenstein et al. | 2014 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Stadlbauer et al. | 2008 | Tractography (FA, MD, eigenvalues) | — |
| Sullivan et al. | 2010 | Tractography (FA, ADC) | — |
| Wendelken et al. | 2015 | Voxelwise ROI-based (FA) | Visual recognition* (adults only) |
| Zahr et al. | 2009 | Tractography (FA, ADC) | — |
| Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment | |||
| Fletcher et al. | 2014 | Voxelwise ROI-based (FA) | Unspecified* |
| Fletcher et al. | 2013 | Manual segmentation, ROI-based (FA) | Verbal and visuospatial recall* |
| Gilligan et al. | 2019 | Tractography (MD) | — |
| Gyebnár et al. | 2018 | Voxelwise ROI-based (FA, MD) | Verbal recall* |
| Jin et al. | 2017 | Novel 3D Method (MD) | — |
| Kantarci et al. | 2014 | Voxelwise ROI-based (FA) | Unspecified* |
| Li et al. | 2016 | TBSS (FA, MD, AxD) | Visual recognition* |
| Li et al. | 2014 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | Verbal recall |
| Liu et al. | 2011 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Mayo et al. | 2016 | TBSS (FA, MD) | — |
| Mielke et al. | 2012 | Voxelwise ROI-based (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | Verbal recall, recognition* |
| O'Dwyer et al. | 2011 | TBSS (FA, MD, AxD) | — |
| Ray et al. | 2015 | Tractography (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | Verbal recall, recognition* |
| Rémy et al. | 2015 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | Verbal and visual recall, recognition |
| Van Bruggen et al. | 2012 | TBSS (FA, RD) | — |
| Yu and Lee | 2019 | Voxelwise ROI-based (FA, MD) | Verbal recall, recognition* |
| Zhuang et al. | 2010 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Zhuang et al. | 2012 | TBSS (FA) | Verbal recall |
| Zhuang et al. | 2013 | Tractography (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | Verbal recall* |
| Autoimmune disorders (multiple sclerosis and lupus) | |||
| Emmer et al. | 2010 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Batista et al. | 2017 | TBSS (FA, MD) | — |
| Kern et al. | 2012 | TBSS (FA) | Verbal recall* |
| Meijer et al. | 2016 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | Verbal and visual recall, recognition* |
| Borderline personality disorder | |||
| Gan et al. | 2016 | Tractography (FA, RD) | — |
| Maier-Hein et al. | 2014 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Whalley et al. | 2015 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Conduct disorder and psychopathic traits | |||
| Lindner et al. | 2017 | TBSS (FA, RD, AxD) | — |
| Puzzo et al. | 2018 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | — |
| Eating disorders | |||
| Nagahara et al. | 2014 | TBSS (FA, MD) | — |
| Phillipou et al. | 2018 | TBSS (FA, MD) | — |
| Von Schwanenflug et al. | 2019 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Parkinson's and other movement disorders | |||
| Canu et al. | 2013 | TBSS (FA, RD, AxD) | — |
| Chen et al. | 2017 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Guimarães et al. | 2018 | TBSS (FA, RD, AxD) | — |
| Kim et al. | 2013 | TBSS (FA, MD) | — |
| Knake et al. | 2010 | TBSS (FA, RD, AxD) | — |
| Li et al. | 2018 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Della Nave et al. | 2010 | TBSS (FA, RD, lambda) | — |
| Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder | |||
| Alves et al. | 2018 | TBSS (FA) | Verbal recall and recognition |
| Barnea-Goraly et al. | 2009 | TBSS (FA, AxD), avg. diffusivity) | — |
| Fitzsimmons et al. | 2009 | Manual segmentation, ROI-based (FA) | Verbal and visual recall and recognition* |
| Green et al. | 2016 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | Verbal recall* |
| Guo et al. | 2012 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Kurumanji et al. | 2017 | TBSS (FA, RD, AxD) | — |
| Lee et al. | 2020 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | — |
| Lee et al. | 2013 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | — |
| Nestor et al. | 2007 | Manual segmentation, ROI-based (FA) | Verbal and visual recall, recognition* |
| Nickle-Jockschat et al. | 2012 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Oertel-Knöchel et al. | 2014 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | Verbal recall, recognition* |
| Sun et al. | 2016 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Zhuo et al. | 2016 | TBSS (FA, RD, local diffusion) | — |
| TBI or other brain damage | |||
| Alhilali et al. | 2017 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | Visual memory* |
| Chang et al. | 2010 | Manual segmentation, ROI-based (FA, ADC) | Verbal recall, recognition* (patient group only) |
| Jang et al. | 2018 | Tractography (FA) | Verbal and visual recall, recognition* |
| Nguyen et al. | 2011 | TBSS (FA, MD) | — |
| Palacios et al. | 2011 | TBSS (FA) | Verbal and visual recall* |
| Raikes et al. | 2018 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD) | — |
| Other disordered populations/exposure to environmental insult (e.g., general anesthesia) | |||
| Bateman et al. | 2019 | Voxelwise, ROI-based (FA) | Verbal memory |
| Choi et al. | 2009 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Drew et al. | 2017 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Hu et al. | 2017 | TBSS (FA, MD) | — |
| Lee et al. | 2012 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Liu et al. | 2018 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | — |
| Monnig et al. | 2013 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Monnig et al. | 2014 | TBSS (FA) | — |
| Onnink et al. | 2015 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | — |
| Qi et al. | 2013 | TBSS (FA, MD) | — |
| Tan et al. | 2016 | TBSS (FA, MD, AxD) | — |
| Wang et al. | 2018 | TBSS (FA, MD, RD, AxD) | — |
| Zhuo et al. | 2019 | TBSS (FA, MD) | — |
Papers are grouped by population(s) tested, then listed alphabetically. Disorders for which there were less than three studies are listed under the subheading “Other.” We identified relevant publications by searching PubMed with the following combinations of search terms: (1) fornix and memory and diffusion; (2) fornix and TBSS; (3) fornix and tractography; and (4) fornix and structural connectivity. Publications that were reviews, methods papers, written in a language other than English, or used a neonatal sample were excluded.
The primary analysis method is listed for each paper, as well as the white matter indices are evaluated. The type of episodic memory assessed is listed, if applicable. An asterisk (*) denotes studies in which episodic memory was significantly associated with one or more diffusion metrics.
AxD, axial diffusivity; ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; FA, fractional anisotropy; MD, mean diffusivity; RD, radial diffusivity; ROI, region of interest; TBI, traumatic brain injury; TBSS, tract-based spatial statistics.