Fig. 6.

Dinucleotide alterations between human and macaque promoters. a Heat map showing alteration rates of each dinucleotide. Increased rates were observed when corresponding dinucleotides were not conserved between the two species. In the top two rows, human promoters were aligned to macaque CpG-island and non-CpG-island promoters, respectively. In the bottom two rows, macaque promoters were aligned to human CpG-island and non-CpG-island promoters, respectively. Both single-nucleotide substitutions and indels were considered for the rate calculation. Frequent alteration of CpG sites was observed when a promoter aligned to a non-CpG-island promoter of the counter species. Alteration of TpA dinucleotide was also high when aligned to a CpG-island promoter of the counter species. b Band graphs indicate alignment of dinucleotides to CpG sites. Between human and macaque CpG-island promoters, CpG sites were well aligned to CpG sites in the counter species (top bands). In background genomic sequences, however, many CpG sites were aligned to TpG or CpA sites (bottom bands). hCmC human CpG-island and macaque CpG-island promoter pairs, hNmN human non-CpG-island and macaque non-CpG-island promoter pairs