Table 1.

Impact of adverse psychological factors on AF incidence—findings from population-based longitudinal studies: Psychosocial stress factors

Study	Study type	Psychosocial factors	Sample size	Increase in risk
Fransson et al., 2018 [8]	Prospective study of working adults	Job strain	10,121	HR 1.11 (95% CI (0.67–1.83) before 10.7-year exposure HR 1.93 (95% CI 1.10–3.36) after 10.7-year exposure
Kivimäki et al., 2017 [9]	Prospective multi-cohort study	Long working hours	85,494	HR 1.42 (95% CI 1.13 –1.80)
Svensson, et al., 2017 [10]	Prospective population-based study	Psychological stress (job strain and non-occupational stress)	8765 men & 13,543 women	HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.86–1.28) for men HR, 1.15 (95% CI 0.95–1.39) for women
O'Neal et al., 2015 [11]	Prospective national cohort study	Perceived stress	25,530	OR 1.12 (95% CI 0.98–1.27) for low stress OR 1.27 (95% CI 1.11–1.47) for moderate stress OR 1.60 (95% CI 1.39–1.84) for high stress
Whang et al., 2012 [12]	Randomized trial	Global psychological distress	30,746 [women)	HR 0.99 (95% CI 0.72–1.35) for censored CVD events HR 0.92 (95% CI 0.66–1.29) for non-censored CVD events
Garg et al., 2019 [13]	Prospective population-based study	Chronic stress	6644	HR 1.06 (95% CI 0.89–1.27)