Table 2.
Impact of adverse psychological factors on AF incidence—findings from population-based longitudinal studies: Negative affectivity
| Study | Study type | Psychosocial factor | Sample size | Increase in risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garg et al., 2019 [13] | Multicenter prospective population-based study | Depressive symptoms | 6644 | HR 1.34 (95% CI 1.04–1.74) |
| Whang et al., 2012 [12] | Randomized trial | Proxy measure for depression (MHI-5 and/or antidepressant use) | 30,746 women | HR 0.99 (0.78–1.25) |
| Garg et al., 2019 [13] | Multicenter prospective population-based study | Antidepressant use | 6644 | HR 1.36 (95% CI, 1.04–1.77) |
| Garg et al., 2019 [14] | Prospective population-based study | Antidepressant use | 11,445 | HR 1.21 (95% CI 0.98–1.50) |
| Lapi et al., 2015 [15] | Case–control cohort study | Current antidepressant use | 116,125 | RR 0.98 (95% CI 0.86–1.12) |
| Lapi et al., 2015 [15] | Case–control cohort study | Recent antidepressant use | 116,125 | RR 1.02 (95% CI 0.86–1.30) |
| Garg et al., 2019 [13] | Prospective population-based study | Anxiety | 6644 | HR 0.97 (95% CI 0.79–1.20) |
| Eakere et al., 2005 [16] | Prospective population-based cohort study | Anxiety | 3682 |
HR 1.10 (95% CI 0.95–1.27) for men HR 1.03 (95% CI 0.81–1.31) for women |
| Rosman et al., 2019 [17••] | Prospective veteran population study | PTSD | 988,090 | HR 1.13 (95% CI, 1.02–1.24) |
| Patton et al., 2011 [18] | Census mortality data | Early life factors (place of birth within the US stroke belt) | 95.6 million | OR 1.19 (95% CI 1.13, 1.25) for African-American and 1.09 (CI 1.07, 1.12) for white population |
| Whang et al., 2012 [12] | Randomized trial post hoc analysis | Felt happy (Mental Health Inventory-5) | 30,746 (women) | HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.49–0.99) for those who felt happy some or most of the time |
| Graff et al., 2016 [19] | Prospective population-based case control study | Partner bereavement | 88,612 |
OR 1.90 (95% CI 1.34–2.69) for 8–14 days after loss OR 1.41 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.70) for 30 day after loss *results reduced but remained significant within 1 year after loss |
| Eaker et al., 2004 [20] | Prospective population-based cohort study | Trait anger, hostility, symptoms of anger | 3873 |
HR 1.1 (95% CI: 1.0–1.4) for trait anger; HR 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1–1.5) for hostility; HR 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0–1.4) for symptoms of anger |
| Garg et al., 2020 [14] | Prospective population-based study | Anger | 11,445 | HR 1.08 (95% CI 0.92–1.27) |
| Garg et al., 2019 [13] | Prospective population-based study | Anger | 6644 | HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.77–1.17) |
| Eaker et al., 2005 [16] | Prospective population-based study | Tension | 3682 |
Men 1.24 (95% CI 1.04–1.48) Women 0.83 (95% CI 0.63–1.11) 1 |
| Garg et al., 2020 [14] | Prospective population-based study | Vital exhaustion | 11,445 | HR 1.20 (5% CI 1.06–1.35) |
| Garg et al., 2020 [14] | Prospective population-based study | Poor social ties | 11,445 | HR 1.09 (95% CI 0.94–1.27) for socially isolated individuals |