Figure 6.

Influence of metal halides on mechanism of HMF formation from fructose, (1) base pathway and (2) nucleophilic pathway (top), and influence of metal halides on glucose conversion (bottom) as proposed by WARF[55].

Influence of metal halides on mechanism of HMF formation from fructose, (1) base pathway and (2) nucleophilic pathway (top), and influence of metal halides on glucose conversion (bottom) as proposed by WARF[55].