Table 2.
Comparison of HMF processes and relevant parameters of early HMF production methods (before 2006).
|
Company/Research center |
Reactor type |
Process type |
Feedstock |
Catalyst |
Solvent (Chem21 classification) |
T [°C] |
t [min] |
Yield [%] |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Food Chemical and Research Laboratories Inc. |
autoclave |
batch |
saccharose |
H2SO4 |
butanol/water (recommended) |
150 |
20 |
68.6[a] |
|
|
Food Chemical and Research Laboratories Inc |
glass tube |
batch |
fructose |
H2SO4 |
butanol/water (recommended) |
170 |
8 |
68.0 |
|
|
Dendrol Inc. |
pressurized batch |
batch |
oak wood chips |
0.6 % H2SO4 |
water (recommended) |
285.56 |
1.5 |
8 |
|
|
Merck Co Inc, |
|
batch |
saccharose |
– |
water (recommended) |
270 |
0.75 |
37.2 |
|
|
Merck Co Inc. |
tubular reactor |
batch |
saccharose |
0.04 % levulinic acid |
water (recommended) |
256 |
|
30‐31 |
|
|
Merck Co Inc. |
|
batch |
fructose |
NH4Al(SO4)2 |
water (recommended) |
270 |
0.15 |
58 |
|
|
Merck Co Inc. |
|
batch |
glucose |
NH4Al(SO4)2 |
water (recommended) |
270 |
0.18 |
50.8 |
|
|
Merck Co Inc. |
|
batch |
saccharose |
NH4Al(SO4)2 |
water (recommended) |
270 |
0.18 |
46 |
|
|
Merck Co Inc. |
|
batch |
saccharose |
Al(SO4)2 |
water (recommended) |
290 |
1.03 |
49.7 |
|
|
Merck Co Inc. |
|
batch |
glucose |
AlCl3 |
water (recommended) |
240 |
2.5 |
50.0 |
|
|
Merck Co Inc. |
|
batch |
fructose |
Al(SO4)3×18 H2O |
water (recommended) |
271 |
0.18 |
50 |
|
|
Atlas Ind. |
glass tube |
batch |
sorbose |
H2SO4 |
methoxyethanol, water |
180 |
3 |
52.1 |
|
|
Atlas Ind. |
glass tube |
batch |
sorbose |
H2SO4 |
bis(chloroethyl) ether |
180 |
1.8 |
52.2 |
|
|
Atlas Ind. |
glass tube |
batch |
sorbose |
H2SO4 |
MIBK+water (recommended) |
180 |
3 |
52.5 |
|
|
Atlas Ind. |
glass tube |
batch |
sorbose |
HCl |
mesityloxide |
180 |
2 |
56.4 |
|
|
Atlas Ind. |
glass tube |
batch |
glucose |
AlCl3 |
dioxane, water (hazardous) |
210 |
3 |
41.6 |
|
|
Atlas Ind. |
glass tube |
batch |
glucose |
AlCl3 |
dimethyldioxane |
210 |
2.5 |
40.9 |
|
|
Atlas Ind. |
glass tube |
batch |
saccharose |
CrCl3 +HCl |
dioxane, water (hazardous) |
120 |
4 |
40.2 |
|
|
Atlas Ind. |
glass tube |
batch |
saccharose |
AlCl3 +HCl |
dioxane, water (hazardous) |
150 |
23 |
40.2 |
|
|
Atlas Ind. |
glass tube |
batch |
sorbose |
HCl |
triethylene glycol |
180 |
3 |
66.9 |
|
|
Roquette Freres |
|
batch |
fructose |
cation resin: Lewatit SPC108 |
MIBK/water (recommended) |
85 |
240 |
89[b] |
|
|
Roquette Freres |
|
continuous |
fructose |
cation resin: Lewatit SPC108 |
DMSO (problematic) |
76 |
6000 |
97 |
|
|
Südzucker AG. |
|
batch |
fructose |
oxalic acid |
water (recommended) |
135–142 |
130 |
33.6 |
|
|
Südzucker AG. |
|
batch |
inulin |
sulfuric acid |
water (recommended) |
140 |
120 |
13 |
[a] At 86% conversion. [b] At 21 % reaction mass efficiency.