Table 2.

Summary of common EC dysfunction syndromes after HCT. ¹⁵ , ¹⁶ , ²⁵ , ⁴² , ⁴³ , ⁴⁶ , ⁴⁷ , ⁴⁸ , ⁴⁹ , ⁵⁰ , ⁵¹ , ⁵² , ⁵³ , ⁵⁴ , ⁵⁵ , ⁵⁶ , ⁵⁷ , ⁵⁸ , ⁵⁹ , ⁶⁰

Syndrome	Incidence	Risk factors	Organ complications	Mortality
VOD/SOS	14% (up to 40%)	Conditioning regimen Type and number of transplants Older age Lower performance status Pre‐existing liver disease	Postsinusoidal hypertension Hepatorenal failure Pulmonary failure	Severe VOD/SOS with MOD: up to 50–70%
GvHD	40–50%	Degree of HLA mismatch Patient age Inadequate GvHD prophylaxis Gender disparity Multiparous female donors Presence of pretransplant comorbidities Intensity of the HCT conditioning regimen Use of TBI Source of donor graft Intestinal dysbiosis	Skin, liver, upper and lower GI tract, immune system	15–30%
TA‐TMA	10–35%	Patient age Donor type Degree of HLA mismatch Intensity of the HCT conditioning regimen Use of TBI	Hypertension Renal failure CNS dysfunction	Rates range widely due to the lack of clear diagnostic guidelines
IPS/DAH	IPS: 2–15% DAH: 5–12%	Myeloablative conditioning Use of TBI Older age Presence of AGvHD Prior autologous HCT	Lung injury (pulmonary oedema, inflammation, increased permeability) Respiratory failure	60–80%

AGvHD, acute graft‐versus‐host disease; CNS, central nervous system; EC, endothelial cell; GI, gastrointestinal; GvHD; graft‐versus‐host disease; HCT, haematopoietic cell transplantation; HLA, human leukocyte antigen, IPS/DAH, idiopathic pneumonia syndrome/diffuse alveolar haemorrhage; MOD, multiorgan dysfunction; TA‐TMA, transplant‐associated thrombotic microangiopathy; TBI, total body irradiation; VOD/SOS, veno‐occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome.