TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the control group (CG), public transportation/active commuting (IG‐PT), and cycling (IG‐C)
| ALL (N = 62) | CG (N = 17) | IG‐PT (N = 23) | IG‐C (N = 22) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 46 [9] | 45 [10] | 47 [9] | 47 [8] |
| Men (%) | 36 | 29 | 30 | 45 |
| Anthropometrics | ||||
| Height (m) | 1.71 [0.1] | 1.71 [0.1] | 1.69 [0.1] | 1.74 [0.1] |
| Weight (kg) | 76.5 [16.5] | 77.7 [20.3] | 73.5 [14.5] | 78.7 [15.4] |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 [4.5] | 26.4 [5.5] | 25.8 [4.4] | 26.0 [4.0] |
| Waist circ. (cm) | 91.1 [13.2] | 92.6 [16.3] | 89.1 [11.5] | 91.9 [12.5] |
| Hip circ. (cm) | 103.2 [11.3] | 101.8 [13.2] | 103.3 [12.6] | 104.1 [8.4] |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio | 0.9 [0.1] | 0.9 [0.1] | 0.9 [0.1] | 0.9 [0.1] |
| Body fat (%) | 34.6 [0.8] | 35.0 [9.1] | 35.0 [7.6] | 34.0 [7.9] |
| Spirometry | ||||
| FVC (L) | 4.1 [1.0] | 4.0 [0.7] | 4.0 [1.0] | 4.3 [1.1] |
| FEV1 (L) | 3.2 [0.8] | 3.1 [0.7] | 3.1 [0.8] | 3.4 [1.0] |
| PEF (L) | 7.8 [2.2] | 7.6 [1.9] | 7.3 [2.0] | 8.4 [2.5] |
| FEV1/FVC | 0.8 [0.1] | 0.8 [0.1] | 0.8 [0.1] | 0.8 [0.1] |
| Lipid and glucose metabolism | ||||
| TRI (mg/dL) | 90.9 [43.4] | 86.0 [51.4] | 98.0 [40.5] | 87.2 [40.5] |
| CHOL (mg/dL) | 205.3 [34.3] | 200.2 [38.6] | 211.8 [35.8] | 202.4 [29.4 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 74.3 [23.8] | 83.7 [34.6] | 68.4 [17.4] | 73.1 [17.6] |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 113.4 [30.7} | 101.1 [21.8] | 123.9 [35.9] | 112.0 [27.9] |
| LDL/HDL ratio | 1.7 [0.8] | 1.4 [0.6] | 2.0 [0.9] | 1.6 [0.6] |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3 [0.3] | 5.3 [3.4] | 5.3 [0.2] | 5.4 [0.3] |
| GLU (mg/dL) | 78.0 [13.0] | 78.2 [13.3] | 75.3 [10.3] | 80.7 [15.1] |
| Cardiovascular risk scores | ||||
| FRS score | 2.4 [3.0] | 3.0 [4.4] | 2.2 [2.4] | 2.1 [2.1] |
| HS score | 0.5 [0.7] | 0.6 [0.9] | 0.5 [0.7] | 0.5 [0.4] |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| RRsys (mm Hg) | 114 [13] | 114 [14] | 112 [10] | 117 [15] |
| RRdia (mm Hg) | 72 [11] | 71 [9] | 71 [9] | 75 [13] |
| Exercise capacity | ||||
| P max (W) | 221 [70] | 210 [56] | 203 [58] | 248 [85] |
| Pmaxrel (%) | 144 [25] | 142 [25] | 138 [22] | 152 [27] |
| HRmax (bpm) | 171 [13] | 171 [14] | 171 [12] | 172 [14] |
| HRrest (bpm) | 63 [9] | 66 [9] | 63 [5] | 62 [11] |
| BORG | 19.1 [0.4] | 19.1 [0.3] | 19.0 [0.4] | 19.1 [0.4] |
| IPAQ | ||||
| Total PA (METmin‐1) | 4166 [4431] | 5251 [5076] | 3143 [3725] | 4398 [4550] |
| Walk (METmin‐1) | 1370 [2115] | 1427 [1848] | 1053 [1262] | 1657 [2919] |
| Mod (METmin‐1) | 1015 [1631] | 1121 [2251] | 540 [738] | 1428 [1691] |
| Vig (METmin‐1) | 1782 [2391] | 2703 [3068] | 1550 [2612] | 1313 [1141] |
| Sit (min) | 377 [167] | 346 [151] | 411 [205] | 367 [133] |
Data are shown as mean [SD].
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BORG, rating of perceived exertion; CHOL, total cholesterol; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in the 1st second; FRS score, Framingham risk score; FVC, forced vital capacity; GLU, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, HDL cholesterol; Hip circ., hip circumference; HRmax, maximal heart rate at ergometry; HRrest, resting heart rate; HS score, Heart Score of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC); IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; LDL, LDL cholesterol; Mod, moderate‐intensity activities within the last 7 d; N, number of participants; PEF, peak expiratory flow; P max, exercise capacity; Pmaxrel, age and weight‐normalized exercise capacity; PT, public transportation; RRdia, diastolic blood pressure; RRsys, systolic blood pressure; Sit, sitting time during the last 7 d; Total PA, total physical activities during the last 7 d; TRI, triglycerides; Vig, vigorous‐intensity activities within the last 7 d; Waist circ., waist circumference; Walk, walking within the last 7 d.