Table 1.
Subject Characteristics
| Total (n = 3,170) | Underweight (n = 212) | Normal Weight (n = 2,410) | Overweight (n = 456) | Obesity (n = 92) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 31.1 (4.9) | 31.3 (4.7) | 31.4 (4.7) | 30.0 (5.2) | 29.0 (5.9) | <0.001 |
| Prepregnancy BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 23.5 (4.2) | 21.8 (3.2) | 23.1 (3.8) | 25.4 (4.6) | 28.8 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Parity, n (%), nulliparous | 1,769 (55.8) | 132 (62.3) | 1,325 (55.0) | 257 (56.4) | 55 (59.8) | 0.179 |
| Education, n (%), higher education | 1,540 (52.7) | 109 (54.5) | 1,273 (57.2) | 150 (36.1) | 8 (10.0) | <0.001 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 9.8 (0.3) | 9.8 (0.4) | 9.8 (0.3) | 9.9 (0.4) | 9.8 (0.3) | 0.033 |
| Boys, n (%) | 1,563 (49.3) | 112 (52.8) | 1,221 (50.7) | 191 (41.9) | 39 (42.4) | 0.002 |
| Ethnicity, n (%), European | 2,118 (68.2) | 150 (72.1) | 1,706 (72.2) | 229 (51.3) | 33 (37.5) | <0.001 |
| Birth weight, mean (SD), g | 3,445 (557) | 3,264 (575) | 3,458 (549) | 3,483 (553) | 3,376 (679) | <0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 17.5 (2.7) | 14.1 (0.5) | 16.8 (1.3) | 21.3 (1.2) | 23.5 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat mass, median (95% range), g | 358 (161; 982) | 245 (135; 478) | 338 (162; 709) | 602 (268; 1,216) | 853 (362; 1,862) | <0.001 |
| Liver fat fraction, median (95% range), % | 2.0 (1.2; 5.3) | 1.8 (1.1; 3.1) | 2.0 (1.2; 4.1) | 2.5 (1.4; 8.7) | 3.1 (1.7; 17.9) | <0.001 |
| Prevalence nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, n (%) | 90 (2.8) | 1 (0.5) | 26 (1.0) | 41 (9.1) | 23 (25.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 103.3 (8.0) | 99.3 (7.6) | 102.4 (7.5) | 107.3 (7.8) | 113.0 (8.8) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 58.6 (6.4) | 57.6 (6.3) | 58.4 (6.4) | 59.5 (6.5) | 61.8 (7.6) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, median (95% range), pmol/L | 182 (35.2; 629.1) | 144 (27.9; 471.8) | 172 (34.5; 569.2) | 242 (48.0; 798.2) | 339 (45.2; 1,178.0) | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.3 (0.9) | 5.3 (1.0) | 5.3 (1.0) | 5.2 (0.8) | 5.3 (0.7) | 0.114 |
| HOMA‐IR, median (95% range) | 7.0 (1.1; 28.8) | 5.7 (0.9; 22.8) | 6.6 (1.1; 26.9) | 9.3 (1.6; 32.1) | 12.4 (1.5; 50.5) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L | 4.3 (0.7) | 4.3 (0.6) | 4.3 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.7) | 4.5 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.5) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.5 (0.6) | 2.6 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, median (95% range), mmol/L | 1.0 (0.4; 2.6) | 0.87 (0.4; 2.2) | 0.9 (0.4; 2.5) | 1.1 (0.5; 2.9) | 1.5 (0.5; 3.8) | <0.001 |
| C‐reactive protein, median (95% range), mg/L | 0.3 (0.3; 5.7) | 0.3 (0.3; 6.1) | 0.3 (0.3; 4.4) | 0.9 (0.3; 10.2) | 1.5 (0.3; 14.2) | <0.001 |
| Prevalence cardiometabolic clustering, n (%) | 254 (13.3) | 2 (1.8) | 106 (7.2) | 114 (42.1) | 32 (72.7) | <0.001 |
Values are observed, but not imput data and represent means (SD), medians (95% range) or numbers of subjects (valid %). Differences between BMI categories were tested using one‐way ANOVA tests for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. HOMA‐IR was calculated using the formula: insulin resistance = (insulin [μU/L] × glucose [mmol/L])/22.5. LDL cholesterol is calculated according to the Friedewald formula. Cardiometabolic clustering was defined as having three or more risk factors (high [greater than seventy‐fifth percentile] visceral fat mass, high [greater than seventy‐fifth percentile] systolic or diastolic blood pressure, low [less than twenty‐fifth percentile] HDL cholesterol or high [greater than seventy‐fifth percentile] triglycerides, and high [greater than seventy‐fifth percentile] insulin). The prevalence of cardiometabolic clustering was calculated in a subgroup of complete cases (n = 1,906).