Figure 2.

Bidirectional association between eczema and externalizing problems. Direction of associations between physician‐diagnosed eczema and (a) externalizing problems, (b) aggressive behaviour symptoms and (c) attention problems from birth until age 10 years. The arrows indicate the directions of the associations. Values are average standardized regression coefficients for externalizing problems as the outcome and odds ratios for eczema as the outcome (reference group: no eczema) derived from linear or logistic regression models, using cross‐lagged modelling. Models were adjusted for maternal education and psychiatric symptoms, and child's sex, gestational age, ethnicity, breastfeeding and sleep disturbances. *P < 0·05. The corresponding 95% confidence intervals of the cross‐lagged effects, and the effect estimates of the cross‐sectional and stability effects are shown in Table S4 (see Supporting Information).