Figure 4.

Endothelial cell–cardiomyocyte crosstalk during cardiac remodelling

Secreted molecules mediate a bidirectional signalling between adult endothelial cells (labelled by anti‐CD31 antibodies in green) and cardiomyocytes (labelled by anti‐α‐actinin antibodies in red) during pathological remodelling. Nuclei are stained in blue by DAPI. The dashed arrows indicate the direction of the signals. Molecules acting in autocrine manner are indicated by curved arrows. APLN, apelin; ET‐1, endothelin‐1; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; NO, nitric oxide; NRG‐1, neuregulin‐1; PLGF, placental growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.