Table 1.
Active ingredients (a.i.), trademark names, IRAC/FRAC modes of action, applied concentrations, target pests, and crops
| Active ingredient | Commercial trademark names in Spain | IRAC/FRAC† modes of action | MFRC‡(g a.i./ha) | Pests | Crop |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorantraniliprole | Altacor® | Ryanodine receptor modulator | 40 | Caterpillars | Sweet pepper, |
| DuPont, Madrid | T. absoluta | tomato | |||
| Chlorpyrifos‐methyl | Reldan E® | Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor | 900 | Caterpillars thrips | Tomato |
| Dow AgroSciences, Madrid | |||||
| Emamectin benzoate | Affirm® 0.85% SG | Glutamate‐gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator | 12.75 | Caterpillars | Sweet pepper, tomato |
| Syngenta Agro S.A., Madrid | T. absoluta | ||||
| Flubendiamide | Fenos® 24% WG | Ryanodine receptor | 90 | Caterpillars | Tomato |
| Bayer Cropscience S.L., Valencia | modulator | T. absoluta | |||
| Metaflumizone | Alverde® 24% SC | Voltage‐dependent sodium channel blocker | 240 | Caterpillars, | Tomato |
| BASF Española S.L., Madrid | T. absoluta | ||||
| Pymetrozine | Plenum® | Chordotonal organ TRPV (transient receptor potential vanilloid) channel modulator | Aphids, whiteflies | Sweet pepper | |
| Syngenta, Madrid | |||||
| Spinosad | Spintor® | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) | 110 | Caterpillars, thrips | Tomato |
| Dow AgroSciences, Madrid | |||||
| Spirotetramat | Movento® 15% SC | Inhibitor of acetyl CoA | 75 | Aphids, whiteflies, scales | Sweet pepper |
| Bayer Cropscience S.L., Valencia | carboxylase | ||||
| Sulfoxaflor | Isoclast® | nAChR agonist | 24 | Aphids, whiteflies | Sweet pepper |
| Dow AgroSciences, Madrid | |||||
| Tebuconazole§ | Folicur® 25 WG | C14‐demethylase in sterol biosynthesis | 600 | Fungal diseases | Sweet pepper, tomato |
| Bayer Cropscience S.L., Valencia | 1500 |
†
IRAC = Insecticide Resistance Action Committee; FRAC = Fungicide Resistance Action Committee.
‡
Maximum field recommended concentration.
§
Control, following farmers’ regular practices.