Table 4.

Summary of studies on sex differences in and gonadal hormone regulation of fear discrimination in humans

Subjects	Measures/ manipulations	Differences/ effects	Neural mechanism(s)	References
M and W	Context discrimination	M and free‐cycling W > W on HC	Not examined	Lonsdorf et al. (2015)
Healthy and traumatized W	E effects on cued discrimination and conditioned inhibition	Low E ↓ discrimination and conditioned inhibition versus high E	Not examined	Glover et al. (2013)
Healthy and spider phobic W	E effects on cued discrimination	Low E ↓ discrimination versus high E	Not examined	Li and Graham (2016)
Non‐pregnant and pregnant W	Cued discrimination	Non‐pregnant > Pregnant	Not examined	Michopoulous et al. (2015)
Traumatized boys and girls	Cued discrimination	Boys > Girls	Not examined	Gamwell et al. (2015)

Abbreviations: E, estradiol; HC, hormonal contraceptive; M, men; W, women.