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. 2020 Mar 3;39(8):1649–1664. doi: 10.1002/jum.15253

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© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Errors and standard deviations of the simulated results based on UVFI and PWD, mean absolute errors (A), standard deviation of errors (B), and mean errors (C) for different amplitudes of turbulent flow velocities. Note that the values in A and B are shown in logarithmic (ln) coordinates. For V _center based, the velocity at the vessel center is used in Equation 4 to calculate WSS; V _max based, the maximum velocity along the vessel diameter is used in Equation 4 to calculate WSS; m‐g PWD mean, WSS is calculated by multigate PWD using Equation 5; m‐g PWD max, WSS is calculated by multigate PWD using Equation 6, multiplying by μ; UVFI mean, WSS is calculated by UVFI using Equation 7; and UVFI max, WSS is calculated by UVFI using Equation 8.