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. 2020 Feb 3;50(4):757–777. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12614

Table 3.

Univariate effects of the potential risk factors on the dependent variable

Variable Suicide vs. control cases Sudden violent death vs. control cases
OR 95% CI p‐value OR 95% CI p‐value
Gender (female) 1.456 0.741 2.861 .275 0.345 0.141 0.848 .020
Mother's age at the child's birth 1.024 0.967 1.085 .414 0.936 0.880 0.995 .035
Elementary school resultsa       .081       .000
Results above average 0.667 0.327 1.358 .264 0.175 0.078 0.390 .000
Results below average 0.667 0.198 2.244 .513 1.174 0.445 3.097 .746
Missing grades from elementary school 6.667 0.724 61.405 .094 5.419 0.614 47.801 .128
Upper secondary school, average or higher grades 0.209 0.097 0.450 .000 0.182 0.084 0.394 .000
Education levelb       .000       .000
Upper secondary school 0.464 0.222 0.972 .042 0.365 0.174 0.766 .008
Postsecondary or university 0.140 0.051 0.383 .000 0.102 0.035 0.293 .000
University degree 0.491 0.107 2.242 .359 0.000 0.000 NA .987
Mother's educational levelb       .507       .003
Upper secondary school 0.496 0.177 1.391 .182 0.682 0.256 1.819 .444
Postsecondary or university 0.606 0.176 2.091 .428 0.694 0.212 2.275 .547
University degree 0.482 0.181 1.285 .145 0.204 0.071 0.583 .003
Father's educational levelb       .069       .367
Upper secondary school 0.370 0.148 0.923 .033 0.806 0.333 1.951 .632
Postsecondary or university 0.288 0.095 0.873 .028 0.396 0.127 1.236 .111
University degree 0.509 0.229 1.135 .099 0.609 0.259 1.433 .256
Occupation (studies or work; no–yes) 0.126 0.050 0.316 .000 0.163 0.064 0.417 .000
Steady relationship at death or at interview 0.458 0.235 0.896 .022 1.485 0.788 2.800 .221
Addiction (no–yes) 13.424 5.391 33.428 .000 10.008 3.996 25.065 .000
Alcohol abuse 7.122 1.903 26.653 .004 4.988 1.271 19.578 .021
Substance abuse 9.209 3.244 26.142 .000 10.141 3.581 28.722 .000
Abuse of anabolic steroids NA 0.000 NA .986 NA 0.000 NA .983
Abuse of psychoactive drugs 10.842 1.274 92.302 .029 49.048 6.377 377.227 .000
Alcohol or drugs at the time of death NA 0.000 NA .985 NA 0.000 NA .988
Mother's addiction (no–yes) 1.250 0.270 5.777 .775 2.193 0.566 8.497 .256
Father's addiction (no–yes) 3.256 1.482 7.151 .003 2.435 1.080 5.491 .032
Father's substance abuse 1.695 0.409 7.032 .467 2.193 0.566 8.497 .256
Investigated or sentenced for criminal acts 2.143 0.982 4.680 .056 8.031 3.813 16.913 .000
Father's criminality 5.150 0.524 50.627 .160 5.237 0.533 51.497 .156
Psychiatric care (no–yes) 2.806 1.438 5.476 .002 1.554 0.824 2.932 .173
Outpatient child and adolescent psychiatry 1.181 0.627 2.224 .606 1.384 0.734 2.608 .315
Inpatient child and adolescent psychiatry 10.842 1.274 92.302 .029 15.259 1.860 125.205 .011
Outpatient adult psychiatric care 5.250 2.617 10.533 .000 1.587 0.756 3.329 .222
Inpatient adult psychiatric care 33.553 7.579 148.533 .000 11.000 2.349 51.501 .002
Admission to treatment unit for young people 8.417 1.756 40.352 .008 12.120 2.612 56.245 .001
Mother's psychiatric care (no–yes) 0.639 0.298 1.371 .250 0.720 0.340 1.524 .390
Mother's outpatient psychiatric care 0.512 0.229 1.143 .102 0.651 0.303 1.399 .272
Mother's inpatient psychiatric care 1.672 0.230 12.178 .612 0.836 0.074 9.415 .885
Father's psychiatric care (no–yes) 2.009 0.895 4.508 .091 0.952 0.375 2.418 .918
Father's outpatient psychiatric care 1.993 0.846 4.696 .115 0.976 0.362 2.627 .961
Father's inpatient psychiatric care 1.342 0.347 5.198 .670 0.660 0.124 3.509 .626
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 2.931 1.072 8.014 .036 0.717 0.178 2.881 .639
Autistic disorder (AD) 6.983 0.763 63.948 .085 1.717 0.105 27.951 .704
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 1.149 0.523 2.527 .729 1.953 0.937 4.072 .074
Conduct disorder (CD) 0.843 0.351 2.026 .703 2.235 1.056 4.731 .035
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) 1.525 0.672 3.463 .313 1.408 0.611 3.244 .422
Borderline personality disorder(BPD) 12.656 4.457 35.943 .000 10.974 3.804 31.661 .000
Depression spectrum disorder 3.150 1.633 6.075 .001 0.866 0.450 1.666 .667
Antisocial personality disorder (APD) 2.870 0.800 10.300 .106 11.803 3.732 37.331 .000
Divorced or separated parents 1.917 1.015 3.620 .045 1.866 0.986 3.532 .055
Dead parentc       .099       .597
Dead mother 1.863 0.619 5.605 .268 0.460 0.092 2.289 .343
Dead father 2.794 0.452 17.267 .269 0.805 0.071 9.075 .861
Dead both parents NA 0.000 NA .987        
Number of family problems 0.979 0.827 1.160 .810 0.887 0.746 1.055 .175
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) 1.879 1.430 2.470 .000 1.569 1.198 2.054 .001
Being bullied 0.741 0.395 1.389 .349 0.296 0.147 0.593 .001
Being sexually assaulted 6.500 2.015 20.963 .002 0.424 0.046 3.881 .447
Family Dysfunction Index 0.917 0.778 1.081 .302 0.750 0.629 0.893 .001
Suicide attempt among relatives 0.808 0.416 1.569 .529 0.727 0.368 1.435 .358
Death by suicide among relatives 1.324 0.678 2.585 .412 0.543 0.249 1.182 .124
Foster‐home placement 2.282 0.494 10.552 .291 3.607 0.869 14.981 .077
Stressful life events previous year (no–yes) 6.000 0.742 48.543 .093 0.570 0.213 1.524 .263
Severity of stressful life events (SRI) 1.019 1.012 1.026 .000 1.009 1.004 1.015 .001
Number of stressful life events (LEI) 3.052 2.120 4.394 .000 1.724 1.278 2.325 .000
Recent death close to the young person 1.767 0.873 3.577 .114 0.765 0.401 1.457 .415

NA, not available due to too low frequency in at least one of the groups.

a

Reference category “average results”.

b

Reference category “elementary school or less”.

c

Reference category “none”.